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Alfalfa is the aerial portion of the alfalfa plant, reasonably free of other crop plants, weeds and mould. (AAFCO, 2003) Alfalfa is an excellent source of phytonutrients, trace minerals and vitamin K.

The alfalfa leaf, a portion arising from the alfalfa seed, is an excellent source of key nutrients, including vitamin C, iron, magnesium and manganese.

Alfalfa meal is the aerial portion of the alfalfa plant, reasonably free of other crop plants, weeds and mould, either sun-cured or dried and then ground. (AAFCO, 2003) Alfalfa is an excellent source of phytonutrients, trace minerals and vitamin K.

Alfalfa sprouts are the sprout (new growth) from the alfalfa seed. Alfalfa sprouts, like the full grown plant, are an excellent source of phytonutrients, trace minerals and vitamin K.

Almond oil is the oil expressed from almonds, which are the seeds of the Prunus tree. Almond oil is high in vitamin E and monounsaturated fats.

Aloe Vera is an extract of the aloe plant and can be beneficial in helping conditions of the digestive system including stomatitis, gingivitis, and oral ulcerations.

Alpha lipoic acid is an antioxidant. It protects the brain and nervous systems from oxidative damage and is beneficial for balancing blood sugar and supporting the liver. See also Essential Fatty Acids.

Amaranth refers to the seed of the amaranth plant and is found in foods as a whole grain, rich in protein (up to 30% more than most other grains) and the amino acid lysine. Because in its whole grain state, and is not highly allergenic, it is a good nutritious grain source for pet foods. The leaves can also be eaten.

Anchovies are a small salt-water fish, that are an excellent source of both protein and omega fatty acids. Salmon naturally has EPA and DHA, omega 3 fatty acids which support skin and coat, immune system health and nervous system development and maintenance.

Anchovy fish meal is a good source of protein and essential fatty acids, and is made from the clean, dried, ground tissue of un-decomposed whole anchovy fish or anchovy fish cuttings, or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil. (AAFACO, 2003)

This is a very vague, generic term for animal proteins which allows the manufacturer to avoid having to specify where it comes from. It can be any part of any animal. This enables the pet food company to use whatever product is the cheapest when they make their food. We have no way of knowing exactly what animals are used – which is no use if you have a dog who has food allergies.

It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, fatty tissue and stomachs and intestines freed of their contents. It should not include hair, horns, teeth and hooves, except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices.

The ingredients of each batch can vary drastically in ingredients (heads, feet, bones, organs etc.) as well as quality, thus the nutritional value is also not consistent. When a pet food’s label list of ingredients shows the word “by-product” you can be assured that there is NO measurable amount of meat in the ingredient. If the ingredient contained enough meat that it could be measured, the pet food company would proudly list the MEAT, not just the by-product of that meat's production.

The official definition is “a material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and un-decomposed animal tissue. The animal tissues used shall be exclusive of hair, horns, teeth, hooves and feathers, except in such trace amounts as might occur unavoidably in good factory practice and shall be suitable for animal feed. If it bears a name descriptive of it’s kind or flavours, it must correspond thereto”.

Basically, this is a cooked-down broth made from unspecified parts of unspecified animals. The animals used may be from any source so there is no control over quality or contamination.

If it bears a name descriptive of it’s kind or flavours, e.g. chicken digest, then it must actually contain chicken (note that it won’t actually contain any meat – just the parts of chicken that couldn’t be used for anything else)

It is normally used to give palatability to dry kibble and biscuits. However, because it is such a vague and generalised term and we have no way of knowing what “animal” was used to make it, I would advise avoiding any food that has this in it’s list of ingredients.

The official definition is “Obtained from the tissues of mammals and/or poultry in the commercial processes of rendering or extracting. It consists predominantly of glyceride esters of fatty acids and contains no additions of free fatty acids. If an antioxidant is used, the common name or names must be indicated, followed by the words "used as a preservative".”

Animal fat is a generic fat source that can be from any animal. This can be from rendered animal fat or restaurant grease. Can cause problems with dogs that have intolerances or allergies. Avoid!

It is a vague and generalised term used to avoid having to specify what animal source is used. This means that it can change from batch to batch without the manufacturer having to re-label and we have no way of knowing. This is no use for allergy sufferers or an elimination diet. There is every chance that the fats used will also be rancid.

Animal plasma is spray dried blood minus the red blood cells and is present in all foods that contain meat. The nutrients found in blood are essential for the diet of carnivores as it contains many vitamins, minerals and amino acids.

Anise is a liquorice tasting medicinal herb. The seed is used for calming digestion and reducing gas. It is often confused with fennel, and though similar, they are not the same.

Apple cider vinegar is made by crushing apples and squeezing out the liquid. Sugar and yeast are added to the liquid to start the fermentation process, which turns the sugars into alcohol. In a second fermentation process, the alcohol is converted by acetic acid-forming bacteria into vinegar. Acetic acid gives vinegar its sour taste. Apple cider vinegar contains many trace nutrients, and is good for digestion.

Apples are among the world's most popular fruits and have long been associated with good health.

Apple Fibre has been shown to prevent the absorption of cholesterol and many carcinogens. It also aids digestion and is an effective cleanser of pollutants.

Apple Fibre is a great way to maintain healthy digestion while on a low-carb, low-fibre diet.

An inexpensive by-product of human food processing. Does not contain the whole complement of nutrients as whole fresh or dried apples.

A member of the rose family, the apple has a compartmented core and is thus classified as a pome fruit.

Apples are an excellent source of dietary fibre. About 81% of the fibre is soluble; most of it is of a type called pectin. Apples provide both soluble and insoluble fibre, some vitamin C and beta-carotene, and potassium and boron.

Arachadonic acid (AA) is an Omega-6 fatty acid that is found in eggs, fish and meats. Supplementation is not necessary, as it is plentiful in food. Too much AA, without enough of the other omega fatty acids can cause excess inflammation and blood clots. Animals do need to get AA in proper dietary amounts. This is especially important for cats, as they cannot manufacture their own. Dogs can, however, make their own AA. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Arginine or l-arginine is an amino acid that is naturally found in meats. The “L” refers to the type of molecule that the body can correctly utilise. Arginine is needed, especially in cats to produce ornithine, another amino acid needed to bind to ammonia. Arginine is also needed for healing wounds and cell division.

Artichoke is a species of perennial thistle. This vegetable is high in magnesium, chromium, manganese, potassium, phosphorus, iron and calcium and helps support the liver and digestion.

Artificial flavours and colours are synthetically made chemicals, added to enhance a product’s taste and colour. Artificial flavours and colours, also known as additives, don't belong in dog and cat food. These additives can conceal inferior food by making it appear better than it actually is. They add no nutritional value and may cause health problems when consumed on a regular basis. Studies show that these chemicals can be carcinogenic/toxic and cause problems ranging from behavioural problems to allergies to cancers.

Ascorbic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, otherwise known as vitamin C, naturally occurring in citrus fruits and green vegetables. Acting as a natural preservative, it also helps with tissue repair and immune system support. See Vitamin C.

Ascorbyl palmitate is a fat soluble form of Vitamin C, usually used in foods as an antioxidant (preservative).

Ash is described by Burns Pet Nutrition as ‘the incombustible inorganic residue remaining after incineration; generally the mineral content of the food’. Contrary to popular belief ash in pet food has not been collected from a fire place and added for bulk! In pet food the constituents are broken down in to several components: carbohydrate, moisture, protein, fibre and fat/oil. Anything that does not come into one of these categories is called by the general term 'ash'. Therefore ash contains minerals and vitamins and is essential for your pet's health. It is called ash because when the food is burned (to determine its analysis) carbohydrate, fibre, fat and protein are all incinerated. Ash is the part of the food that remains after incineration. However, foods with very high ash contents may contain excessive quantities of vitamins and minerals which can be detrimental to your pet's health. (http://www.burns-pet-nutrition.co.uk)

A microorganism in the mould family, that is often used for fermentation, especially in the production of citric acid.

A microorganism in the mould family, that is often used for fermentation, especially in the fermentation of soybeans, rice, potatoes and grains.

Avocados are the fruit of the flowering avocado tree. Avocados contain a pit, are high in healthy monounsaturated fats and are a source of vitamin A, B-complex, vitamin E and vitamin K as well as various minerals. The leaves, bark, skin, and pit of the avocado should never be eaten by pets.

Avocado oil is the pressed oil from the avocado fruit. It contains a high amount of monounsaturated fats and vitamin E. See Avocado.

Baking powder is a commercial product used to leaven baked goods. It consists of three ingredients: baking soda, an acid and a starch.

Baking powder is used in a variety of baked goods to create an expansion of the dough.

Bananas are the fruit of the banana plant, the largest of all herbaceous plants, and are a valuable source of vitamin B6, vitamin c and potassium

Barley is the entire barley kernel of the barley plant, and could be ground or chopped. Barley refers to the whole barley kernel, which provides additional protein, quality carbohydrates, barley oil, bran, and vitamins and minerals to the diet.

The soft finely ground barley meal obtained from the milling of barley. It consists essentially of the starch and gluten of the endosperm. Contains Gluten, corn alternative less allergenic. Flour is an undesirable ingredient. There is very little nutrition left because it is very processed.

Barley Grass Powder is extracted from the organically grown young leaves of barley by dehydrating the green juice of the leaves to a fine powder at room temperature, using a spray-drying process.

Malting is the sprouted and steamed whole grain from which the radical (the part of a plant embryo that develops into a root.) has been removed (AAFCO, 2003). Barley malt is highly processed and has lost the majority of its nutrients and contains a high amount of sugar. It is a by-product of the brewery business and not the best choice for pet food.

Basil is a spicy, sweet-smelling herb that is high in vitamin K, iron, calcium and vitamin A.

Bee pollen is the actual pollen from flowers that is collected from bees as they enter the hive or is harvested by other means. Bee pollen is high in vitamins, minerals and amino acids.

Beef is the clean flesh derived from slaughtered cows and is limited to that part of the striate muscle which is skeletal or that which is found in the tongue, in the diaphragm, in the heart, or in the oesophagus; with or without the accompanying and overlying fat and the portions of the skin, sinew, nerve, and blood vessels which normally accompany the flesh. (AAFCO, 2003) Not all beef is the same - do your research to find out if the beef in the food you have chosen for your pet is not fed any antibiotics or growth hormones. Beef is a good, digestible source of protein, though some pets are allergic to it.

Beef and bone meal is the rendered product from beef tissues, including bone, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach and rumen contents, except in such amounts as may occur unavoidably in good processing practices. (AAFCO, 2003) Beef and bone meal should not be a replacement for pure meat (as a main ingredient in a food), but can be an adequate secondary ingredient.

Beef broth adds moisture to a food, while increasing protein, nutrients and palatability of the food. Broth is made by cooking beef, including the bones and/or muscle.

Beef by-products are the non-rendered, clean parts, other than meat, derived from slaughtered beef. It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low temperature fatty tissue, and stomachs and intestines freed of their contents. It does not include hair, horns, teeth and hoofs. Use of this ingredient from mammalian origins is restricted to non-ruminant (cud chewing) feeds. (AAFCO, 2003) Meat by-products are not meat and can include almost any part of the animal other than meat, and are not advisable to feed our pets. The ingredients of each batch can vary drastically in ingredients (heads, feet, bones, organs etc.) as well as quality, thus the nutritional value is also not consistent. When a pet food’s label list of ingredients shows the word “by-product” you can be assured that there is NO measurable amount of meat in the ingredient. If the ingredient contained enough meat that it could be measured the pet food company would proudly list the MEAT, not just the by-product of that meat's production.

This is the cartilage (a type of dense connective tissue) from beef, which has naturally occurring chondroitin and glucosamines. See Chondroitin and Glucosamine.

Beef fat is obtained from the tissues of cattle in the commercial process of rendering or extracting. (AAFCO, 2003) Chicken fat is considered the best form of fat derived from animal, but beef is good as long as there are no allergies.

Beef liver is the hepatic gland of a cow and is usually used to enhance the flavour of pet foods, but is also a very nutrient rich food. We recommend that liver, as with any organs, be used in the proper quantities (up to 5-10% of the diet) and come from a source where the cow has not been given any anti-biotics/hormones.

Beef meal is the rendered product from beef tissues, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach and rumen contents, except in such amounts as may occur unavoidably in good processing practices. (AAFCO, 2003) Not all beef in pet foods is the same. It is important that the manufacturer of the pet food use human-grade beef and preferably free of hormones and antibiotics. Beef meal is a good source of protein in dry pet food.

Dogs and cats like the taste of this fat, so it is often used to make low-quality food more palatable. Beef tallow is very low in linoleic acid and much cheaper for the pet food industry to use than a good quality vegetable oil or nutritionally rich chicken fat.

Depending on what websites you look at, (Sugar) Beet pulp is either an excellent source of fibre or the devil’s own work of cheap fillers. I think any beet pulp content should be taken into consideration as a whole – is it a quality food which is using the beet pulp as a source of fibre or is it a poor quality food that is using the pulp as a filler? How far up the list of ingredients does it come?

Beet pulp is a by-product of sugar production, and is a good source of both soluble and insoluble fibre. The soluble fibre is a good food source for the friendly bacteria in the large intestine. It also slows the rate of food passage through the gut ensuring a preferential transit time of food, leading to maximum digestion and absorption of nutrients. The insoluble fibre increases peristalsis, helps an animal to feel satisfactorily full and provides a crunchy texture to the kibbles to aid oral hygiene. Fibre is important for maintaining normal gastrointestinal transit time and motility and cats and dogs with stomach upsets can be found eating grass or other vegetation, possibly in the attempt to soothe their gut with increased fibre. A quality fibre source in the correct proportion may help to reduce the incidence of conditions such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. It may also help to prevent constipation and diarrhoea.

Beets are a root vegetable from the beet plant. Beets are high in fibre, folic acid, potassium, calcium and are good for improving liver health.

Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate generally impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. (See Montmorillonite). Bentonite helps to absorb and then eliminate toxins in the digestive system.

Beta-carotene is also known as pro-vitamin A. Dogs easily convert beta-carotene into vitamin A, but cats do not. Vitamin A is essential for normal eyesight and night vision. It is important for normal body growth, the formation of bones and soft tissue, stimulating the immune system and helping maintain skin and coat. It is found in high amounts in liver, sweet potatoes, carrots and dandelion greens. See Vitamin A.

Betaine (or Betaine HCl or Betaine Hydrochloride) increases stomach acid to enhance digestion. HCL makes the stomach produce more acid and also stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, further aiding digestion.

Butylated hydroxysanisole - a white, waxy phenolic antioxidant, C11H16O2, used to preserve fats and oils, especially in foods.

Banned from human use in many countries but still permitted in the US. Possible human carcinogen, apparently carcinogenic in animal experiments. The oxidative characteristics and/or metabolites of BHA and BHT may contribute to carcinogenicity or tumorigenicity.

Butylated hydroxytoluene - a crystalline phenolic antioxidant, C15H24O, used to preserve fats and oils, especially in foods.

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin related to the B complex vitamins It is a vitamin essential to cellular metabolism, it helps metabolise fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Biotin prevents anaemia, muscular pain, and skin disorders. It also helps prevent heart disease. Is a concentrated, non-processed natural food source of active enzymes, probiotics cultures, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids and various other micronutrients.

Blackcurrants are the dark purple berries from a shrub native to northern Europe and Asia. Blackcurrants are high in vitamin C, but also in GLA (gamma linolenic acid), a type of omega fatty acid. See Essential Fatty Acids.

This dried fruit of the Piper nigrum plant is dried and used as a spice and seasoning. Black pepper improves absorption of other nutrients.

The official definition: “Blood Meal is produced from clean, fresh animal blood, exclusive of all extraneous material such as hair, stomach belchings and urine except as might occur unavoidably in good manufacturing process. A large portion of the moisture is usually removed by a mechanical dewatering process or by condensing by cooking to a semi-solid state. The semi-solid blood mass is then transferred to a rapid drying facility where the more tightly bound water is rapidly removed. The minimum biological activity of lysine shall be 80%.”

An inexpensive protein booster. You have no way of knowing what type of animal the blood came from or what residues of hormones, medications or other substances are in this product. It has a better use as fertilizer than as a dog food ingredient.

Also known as Brilliant Blue FCF or E133. Blue 1 is a synthetic additive derived from coal tar, used as a colourant. Pets don’t need colour added into their food, not only is it potentially harmful, but also completely unnecessary. In humans, Blue 1 has been shown to exacerbate hyperactivity in children as well as cause allergic reactions.

Also known as Indigo Dye or E132. Blue 2 is a synthetic colourant that is considered toxic. Pets don’t need colour added into their food, not only is it potentially harmful, but also completely unnecessary. The largest study suggested, but did not prove, that this dye caused brain tumours in male mice. The FDA concluded that there is "reasonable certainty of no harm", but personally I'd rather avoid this ingredient and err on the side of caution.

Blueberries are healthy for your pet, as they are a good source of fibre, high in vitamins/minerals, possess anti-oxidant properties and additionally can provide a source of natural colour. They may add an interesting colour or flavour to the food, which can affect a pet's taste preference.

Blueberry pomace is the solid remains of blueberries after they have been pressed for juice. It is essentially the pulp, peel, seeds and stalks of the fruit after the liquid has been pressed out.

Bok choy, also known as Chinese cabbage, is related to both cabbage and turnips and is eaten as a vegetable. Bok Choy is a good vegetable source of calcium, vitamin A, beta-carotene and phytonutrients.

The official definition: “Bone Phosphate is the residue of bones that have been treated first in a caustic solution then in a hydrochloric acid solution, and thereafter precipitated with lime and dried.”

A highly processed feed-grade supplement to balance the calcium and phosphorus content of a product. Avoid it.

The borage plant is an annual blue flowered herb that produces seeds that are pressed for oil. The seeds contain a high amount of GLA (gamma linolenic acid), a type of omega fatty acid. Borage oil should not be heated, as its essential fatty acids will be damaged. See Essential Fatty Acids.

The official definition: “The small milled fragments of rice kernels that have been separated from the larger kernels of milled rice.”

A processed rice product that is missing many of the nutrients contained in whole ground rice and brown rice. Contrary to what many pet food companies want to make you believe, this is not a high quality ingredient, just much cheaper than whole grain rice.

Brewer’s dried yeast or brewers yeast is the dried, non-fermentive, non-extracted yeast of botanical classification Saccharomyces resulting as a by-product from the brewing of beer and ale. (AAFCO, 2003) This is potential allergen for some animals. It does not contain high nutritional value and is not recommended for pet food.

Brewer’s yeast extract is the concentration of the solubles of mechanically ruptured cells of a selected strain of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It may be dried or concentrated. (AAFCO, 2003) Yeast is a common cause of allergy for animals, and is not recommended for pet food. Brewer’s yeast extract is the by-product of the brewing industry.

Broccoli is a green vegetable in the cabbage family known for its high calcium content, cancer-fighting phytonutrients and fibre.

An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fibre. It is used as a meat tenderiser in the food industry.

Brown rice is a non-allergenic whole grain that has had the hull removed. Brown rice contains more vitamins, minerals, fibre, fatty acids and bran than white rice, making it a better choice for pet foods.

Brown rice protein is the extracted protein of brown rice. It is good source of protein, though not as good as meat, because rice protein is extracted from its original source and therefore is lacking co-factors (“helpers”) that naturally occur in a whole food and additionally it is not as species appropriate as meat.

Also known as bison. Buffalo is an excellent source of lean, digestible protein.

Animal by-products are ground, rendered, and cleaned slaughtered meat carcass parts such as necks, feet, undeveloped eggs, bones, heads, and intestines (and a small amount of feathers in the case of chicken) — yes, by-products are as gross and disgusting as they sound. The quality of animal by-products is very inconsistent between batches.

In many cases, by-product meals are derived from "4-D" meat sources — defined as food animals that have been rejected for human consumption because they were presented to the meat packing plant as "Dead, Dying, Diseased or Disabled" prior to slaughter.

Animal by-products are commonly found in the majority of lower-grade pet foods and even in many of the larger name brands that market themselves as "premium pet food" manufacturers. Ingredients listed as "beef, chicken, and/or poultry by-products" on pet food labels are not required to include actual meat, and "rendered meat" on labels can refer to ANY rendered mammal meat.

When a pet food labels list of ingredients shows the word by-product you can be assured that there is NO measurable amount of meat in the ingredient. If the ingredient contained enough meat that it could be measured the pet food company would proudly list the MEAT, not just the by-product of that meat's production.

This can include anything that has been derived from a vegetable, from charcoal to compost! Seeing this ingredient in a pet food should set alarm bells ringing as it can be used to hide all manner of unspecified ingredients.

Calcium is a principal inorganic component of bone. As much as 99% of the body's calcium is found in the skeleton.

Foods vary greatly in their calcium content. Dairy products and legumes contain high amounts, but cereal grains, meat, and organ tissues contain very little calcium. It is essential that the diets of dogs and cats be balanced by a source of calcium to ensure that an adequate calcium/phosphorus ratio is maintained.

Ascorbate refers to a form of vitamin C that has calcium molecularly attached to it. See Calcium and Vitamin C.

Calcium iodate is a source of iodine and calcium together. Iodine is required for proper functioning of the thyroid gland which helps to regulate metabolism, growth of skin and hair, muscle function and reproduction. See Calcium.

Calcium pantothenate is also known as a form of vitamin B5. This water-soluble vitamin is involved in the production of energy, wound healing, hormone production, bile production and may help prevent the greying of hair in some animals.

Calcium Propionate (E282) is an effective inhibitor of the growth of certain moulds and some bacteria. Research shows this to be a safe preservative.

Calcium sulphate is used as a desiccant (to maintain dryness in the product) and can provide a source of dietary calcium.

The flower of the calendula plant is used in salves for topical applications such as reducing irritation, burns and itching, as well as can be used as a source of natural orange colouring in food.

Cane molasses is a by-product of the manufacture of sucrose from sugar cane. (AAFCO, 2003). Cane molasses is a source of sugar, and though less processed with more nutrients, should not be consumed on a regular basis. Continuous intake can promote hypoglycaemia, obesity, nervousness, cataracts, tooth decay, arthritis and allergies. Pets also get addicted to foods that contain sugars, so it can be a tough piece of work to make them eat something healthier. See Sugar.

Canola meal is the meal obtained after the removal of most of the oil, by a direct solvent or prepress solvent extraction process from the whole canola seeds. Canola meal is not high in nutrients, especially after it has been processed and the oil removed.

Canola oil is the oil obtained from the repeated pressing of canola seeds. Most canola is GM (genetically modified), and therefore has unknown long term health effects. It also does not provide high amounts of the essential fats needed for a shiny, healthy coat. Other oils are considered more desirable.

Caramel colour is an artificial colouring added to make foods more brown in colour and is also a source of sugar. Artificial colours are not necessary in your pets’ food.

Carbohydrates are the major energy-containing constituents of plants, making up between 60% and 90% of dry-matter weight. This class of nutrients comprises the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Dietary carbohydrate provides animals with a source of energy and assists in proper gastrointestinal tract functioning. In addition to its function in supplying energy to the body, digestible carbohydrate also has a protein-sparing effect. Just as animals eat to meet their energy needs, the body satisfies its energy requirement before using energy-containing nutrients in the diet for other purposes. If adequate carbohydrate is supplied in the diet, protein will be spared from being used for energy and can then be used for tissue repair and growth. You should look for a food that contains high-quality carbohydrate sources such as whole ground barley, brown rice, whole steamed potatoes and ground white rice to provide the right balance of nutrients for dogs. For more detailed information, see Carbohydrates.

Carob comes from the edible seed pod of the Mediterranean carob tree. Carob is used as a chocolate substitute and the seeds, also known as locust beans, are often used in animal feed. They are the source of locust bean gum, a thickening agent.

Carotene is an orange photosynthetic pigment important for photosynthesis. It is responsible for the orange colour of the carrot and many other fruits and vegetables. It contributes to photosynthesis by transmitting the light energy it absorbs to chlorophyll.

The particular type of seaweed that Carrageenan comes from is common in the Atlantic Ocean near Britain, Europe and North America. The seaweed is boiled to extract the carrageenan. It is a natural ingredient which is used in the thickening and stabilising of canned foods. Though from a natural source, some studies indicate possible side effects to the gastrointestinal tract and should therefore be used with caution.

Carrots are the root vegetable of the carrot plant. It is best when a food company uses fresh, whole carrots for pet foods, as the nutrient content will be higher. Carrots are high in vitamin A, B vitamins and various other vitamins and minerals.

Cauliflower is a variety of Brassica oleracea in the family Brassicaceae. Cauliflower resembles broccoli, to which it is closely related, except with very densely packed white flower buds.

Cauliflower is an important source of protein, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc. It is also a good source of dietary fibre.

Celery is a member of the carrot family and is related to anise, parsley and parsnips.

The nutrients found in celery are reduced due to the high water content of this vegetable. Although this is a safe and healthy addition to a pet food, there are other fruits and vegetables which are higher in their important nutrients and antioxidant content.

The official definition: “Purified, mechanically disintegrated cellulose prepared by processing alpha cellulose obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant materials.”

Again, this is another ingredient that has two points of view, depending on the website you read.

Cellulose is a form of fibre derived from plants. It can help to stimulate the production of saliva, thus assisting the passage of hairballs.

Dried wood is the most common source for cellulose! It is cleaned, processed into a fine powder and used to add bulk and consistency to cheap pet foods.

As before, I think the overall quality of the food would determine the likely quality of ingredients used.

Cellulose gum is a water-soluble derivation of the most abundant polymer in nature, cellulose. The main reason for using cellulose gum in a formulation is to increase its viscosity. It acts as a thickener, binder, stabilizer, protective colloid, suspending agent, and rheology, or flow control agent.

Cellulose gum is a chemically treated polymer used by some pet food manufacturers as a thickener in canned food products

Cellulose is purified, mechanically disintegrated cellulose prepared by processing cellulose obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant material. (AAFCO, 2003) It is considered a vegetable sourced adhesive and is high in fibre.

"Cereals" is a term used to cover many different grains used in pet foods. When you see this as an ingredient, it means that you cannot be certain what is actually in your dog food because they are not using a "named" ingredient. This allows manufacturers to use the cheapest grain available at the time of manufacture and this can change batch to batch. If this is the first ingredient in the list, then the overall quality of the food is likely to be very poor.

An inexpensive by-product of human food processing of unknown source and quality (think floor sweepings!!). There may be possible chemical residue, sweeteners or other additives. If this is the first ingredient in the list, then the overall quality of the food is likely to be very poor.

Cereal food fines consist of particles of breakfast cereals obtained as a product of their processing. (AAFCO, 2003) Basically, as a by-product of human food production, the leftovers of this highly processed, low nutrient food end up in pet food.

Cheese is a solid food prepared from the pressed curd of milk. Cheese is high in saturated fat and may present some digestion difficulties for pets, so caution should be used. Cheese is high in calcium, phosphorous, protein, fat soluble vitamins and B vitamins.

Cheese meal is the product obtained by dehydrating cheeses and reducing its particle size. (See Cheese). Cheese is high in saturated fat and may present some digestion difficulties for pets, so caution should be used.

Fresh chicken is highly palatable, highly digestible and is an excellent protein source for cats and dogs. It has an extremely high biological value meaning that it is easily broken down into its constituent amino acids (the building blocks of protein) necessary for a variety of structural and metabolic functions within the body. Most fresh chicken used in pet foods is chicken viscera - so organ meat and intestines - which is highly nutritious and is exactly what dogs would eat in the wild. Using up the leftovers from chicken destined for human consumption makes this a very efficient food source for pets.

"Fresh" is the term used when the % given is for the meat quantity before processing when it is weighed in its wet form. This can be misleading as you are perceiving the % of wet quantity, yet 2/3 of the water is lost during processing leaving you with a much smaller meat content in the final product.

Chicken which has been ground or otherwise reduced in particle size. Like fresh chicken, chicken meal is an excellent protein source. It comprises the clean parts of the carcass ground up into a calcium-rich flour. Good quality chicken meal does not include heads, feet or feathers. Great protein source in dry food. Not all chicken in pet foods is the same. It is important that the manufacturer of the pet food use human-grade chicken, preferably free of hormones and antibiotics. Additionally, make sure the manufacturer does not use chemical preservatives on the chicken such as BHA, BHT and ethoxyquin.

Chicken broth adds moisture to a food, while increasing protein and nutrients. Broth is made by cooking the chicken, including the bone, parts and/or muscle tissue. (AAFCO, 2003)

Chicken by-product meal is much less expensive and less digestible than chicken meal, and is made from non-rendered, clean parts, other than MEAT, derived from slaughtered animals, produced in the course of making a primary food ingredient. It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, necks, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low temperature fatty tissue, stomachs, undeveloped eggs, intestines freed of their contents. It does not include feathers, beaks and feet, except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. Chicken by-products are much less expensive and less digestible than the chicken muscle meat. The ingredients of each batch can vary drastically in ingredients (heads, feet, bones etc.) as well as quality, thus the nutritional value is also not consistent. When a pet food labels list of ingredients shows the word by-product you can be assured that there is NO measurable amount of meat in the ingredient. If the ingredient contained enough meat that it could be measured the pet food company would proudly list the MEAT, not just the by-product of that meat's production.

This is the cartilage (a type of dense connective tissue) from chicken, which has naturally occurring chondroitin and glucosamines. See Chondroitin and Glucosamine.

Chicken fat is obtained from the tissues of chickens in the commercial process of rendering or extracting. (AAFCO, 2003) Chicken fat is the highest of all animal sources in linoleic acid (over 23%), an important element for skin and coat health.

Chicken flavour is a processed flavour that most likely contains synthetic or artificial components, which is unnecessary and potentially unhealthy. Why not use natural chicken flavour or real chicken?

Chicken giblets are the offal (organs) of a fowl, typically including the heart, gizzard, liver, and other visceral organs. The neck is often included in this as well. (www.wikipedia.ca) Giblets can be inconsistent ingredients with constantly changing proportions and questionable nutritional value, so make sure that the chicken source is of high quality.

Chicken liver is the hepatic gland of a chicken and is usually used to enhance the flavour of pet foods, but also is very nutrient rich food. We recommend that liver, as with any organs, be used in the proper quantities (up to 5-10% of the diet) and come from a source where the chicken has not been given any anti-biotics/hormones.

Chicken liver digest is a material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and un-decomposed chicken liver tissue. (See Digest) Anything that has “digest” listed with it, should be avoided.

Chicken liver meal is the dried product of ground hepatic glands of chickens. See Meal and Chicken liver.

Chicken meal is the dry rendered (cooked down) product from a combination of clean flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts of whole carcasses of chicken, exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, or entrails. (AAFCO, 2003) Not all chicken in pet foods is the same. It is important that the manufacturer of the pet food use human-grade chicken, preferably free of hormones and antibiotics. Additionally, make sure the manufacturer does not use chemical preservatives on the chicken such as BHA, BHT and ethoxyquin.

Chicory root extract is primarily composed of the polysaccharide inulin, which has been extracted from the root by a mechanical process. Chicory root is a thick-rooted blue-flowered European perennial composite herb widely grown for its roots and as a salad plant.

Commonly known as a soluble fibre, the inulin derived from the Chicory root is a fructooligosaccharide added to help maintain digestive tract health and function. See Inulin.

Choline is a member of the B-complex group of water-soluble vitamins. It is found in eggs, fish, kelp, meat and vegetables and supports the adrenal glands, nervous system, kidneys and cardiovascular system.

Chondroitin blocks destructive enzymes that break down cartilage in the joint. There is always a low level of these destructive enzymes in the joint, but when injury or abnormal wear occurs the enzymes multiply. Chondroitin is a safe and natural ingredient, and any excess that is not required by the body is simply excreted in the urine.

It is important to understand that supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin and probiotics are generally not included in large enough doses to actually provide a therapeutic effect for particular health conditions in the daily feeding amount. Their presence may reduce the amount you have to include of a separate supplement, but it is not a good idea to choose a food based on added supplements. A different food combined with a proper dosage of a specific stand-alone supplement product is likely to bring better results.

Chondroitin sulphate is a naturally occurring long chain carbohydrate derived from cartilage, usually from poultry, bovine or shark. Chondroitin is already present in the body, but extra supplementation helps with the rebuilding of the cartilage matrix and is protective against damage to the cartilage, making it useful in the fight against osteoarthritis.

Chromium is an essential mineral necessary for carbohydrate metabolism. Chromium is found in liver, beef and wheat. HOWEVER, supplementation of Chromium in pet food is unnecessary and can actually be dangerous. Chromium is unlicensed for use in pet foods in the UK, and has been linked with acute renal failure in humans. Avoid any pet foods which have Chromium listed in it’s supplements.

Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the bark of the cinnamon shrub. It contains a high amount of volatile oil, making it useful as a natural preservative or to enhance flavour.

A weak water-soluble acid found in many fruits (especially citrus fruits); used as a flavouring agent and preservative.

The official definition: “Citrus Pulp is the dried residue of peel, pulp and seeds of oranges, grapefruit and other citrus fruit.”

Many commercial pet foods contain fillers that have little or no nutritional value. Products like soy, peanut hulls, citrus pulp, and cereal by-products are often included as inexpensive fillers or low-grade fibre content.

Proper fibre acts as a calming base for forming the stool in the colon, and it should help develop good faecal consistency rather than potentially aggravate the intestinal walls as low-grade fibre fillers tend to do.

This inexpensive by-product is mainly used as a bulk carbohydrate concentrate in cattle feed but also added as a source of fibre in dog food.

Cloves are the aromatic dried buds of the clove tree, often used as a natural preservative in pet food.

Cobalt is an essential mineral that is part of vitamin B12. It is needed for the normal functioning and maintenance of red blood cells and is found in liver, kidney, meats and ocean vegetation such as kelp.

Coconut is the oil rich fruit of the coconut palm. The oil contains medium chain triglycerides which the body uses as energy, and does not store as fat. Coconut flesh also contains less sugar and more protein than other fruits and is high in minerals such as iron, phosphorus and zinc.

An inexpensive by-product of human food and beverage production which adds little or no nutritional value to pet foods.

The metabolism and functions of copper are closely tied to those of iron. Copper is necessary for normal absorption and transport of dietary iron. Along with iron, copper is essential for the normal formation of haemoglobin. Copper deficiency results in disorders similar to that seen with iron deficiency. Although copper deficiency is not common in dogs and cats, an inherited disorder of copper metabolism that results in copper toxicosis occurs in several different breeds of dogs.

Corn (also called maize) refers to the “whole” corn kernel without the husks, and is considered highly allergenic for many pets, is a cheap ingredient and it’s not recommended. Most corn is a genetically modified food, also making it undesirable. (See GM) Additionally, because corn lacks or is low in critical essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, arginine and taurine, it is not a good source of protein. (Natura.com) Corn is not considered a species appropriate food for our pets.

Corn bran is the outer coating of the corn kernel, with little or none of the starchy part of the germ. (AAFCO, 2003) As with any corn product, it is considered highly allergenic for many pets, is a cheap filler ingredient and is not recommended.

Corn cellulose is obtained from the cell walls of corn and is chemically treated. (Natura.com) As with any corn product, it is considered highly allergenic for many pets, is a cheap filler ingredient and is not recommended.

Corn flour is the fine sized hard flinty portions of ground corn containing little or none of the bran or germ. (AAFCO, 2003)
Flour is an undesirable ingredient because there is very little nutrition left because it is very processed and corn is a common pet allergen, not recommended for their food.

Corn germ meal is ground corn germ which consists of corn germ with other parts of the corn kernel from which part of the oil has been removed and is obtained from either a wet or dry milling manufacturing process of corn meal, corn grits, hominy feed, or other corn products. (AAFCO, 2003) Because corn germ meal is a grain fraction, it only supplies a fraction of the nutrients present in the whole grain and as with any corn product, it is considered highly allergenic for many pets, is a cheap filler ingredient and is not recommended.

Corn gluten is the gluten removed from corn. Gluten is the sticky substance in corn (or wheat) that gives the starch its tough elastic quality, helping to hold together the pulverized composite of animal feed-grade ingredients (and create KIBBLE!) Gluten contains no nutritional value.

Corn gluten feed is that part of the commercial shelled corn that remains after the extraction of the larger portion of the starch, gluten, and germ by the processes employed in the wet milling manufacture of corn starch or syrup. (AAFCO, 2003) Corn gluten feed is commonly used in pet foods as a main protein source. Because corn gluten lacks or is low in critical essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, arginine and taurine, it is not a good source of protein. (Natura.com) As with any corn product, it is considered highly allergenic for many pets, is a cheap filler ingredient and is not recommended.

The official definition: “The dried residue from corn after the removal of the larger part of the starch and germ, and the separation of the bran by the process employed in the wet milling manufacture of corn starch or syrup, or by enzymatic treatment of the endosperm”

An inexpensive by-product of human food processing which contains some protein but serves mainly to bind food together. It is not a harmful ingredient but should not rank high in the ingredient list of a quality product.

Corn grits are the medium sized hard, flinty portions of the ground corn containing little or none of the bran or germ (AAFCO, 2003). Corn grits are a grain “fraction”, which means it is missing nutrients, and is no longer part of the “whole”, and besides lacking in nutrition, corn is highly allergenic and is not considered a species appropriate food for our pets.

Corn meal is the entire corn kernel, finely ground, (some of the germ may not be present) supplying a “whole” rather than fractionated grain, which is good, but corn is highly allergenic and is not considered a species appropriate food for our pets.

Corn oil is extracted from the germ of corn kernels. Although corn oil is a single-source oil, it is usually highly processed, and has lower amounts of essential fats which are needed for healthy skin and coat. See Corn.

Also referred to as Zea Mays. This herb is the "silk" off of a cob of corn. Corn silk does not contain any corn, but is a component of the cob itself. Therapeutically it is a soothing diuretic used for kidney and bladder problems such as reducing kidney stone formation and incontinence, as well, it is anti-inflammatory.

Cornstarch, is the starch of the maize grain, commonly known as corn. It is also ground from the endosperm, or white heart, of the corn kernel. (wikipedia.com). Corn starch is highly refined, void of nutrients and is not recommended.

Corn syrup is used as a humectant, which gives food a dampness and flexibility. It is pure processed (i.e. sugar), which is difficult to digest for our pets, and potentially addictive. Continuous intake can promote hypoglycaemia, obesity, nervousness, cataracts, tooth decay, arthritis and allergies. Pets also get addicted to foods that contain sugars, so it can be a tough piece of work to make them eat something healthier.

Cottage cheese is a soft white cheese made of strained and seasoned curds of skim milk. It is not aged or coloured and is a good source of calcium, phosphorus, protein and vitamins with only trace amounts of lactose. Cottage cheese is low in lactose, but if there is an allergy, still proceed with caution.

Pearled barley is barley that's been de-hulled and reduced by machine brushing into smaller particles. This less expensive fractionated grain product is missing many of the nutrients found in whole grains.

Cracked wheat is made by reducing the particle size of the whole wheat berry by cracking and grinding. (AAFCO, 2003) This is made from whole grain (non-fractionated), so it still has its nutrients intact including protein, carbohydrates and B vitamins. Wheat however, is not very digestible and is used in lower quality foods.

Cranberries are the red fruit of a low, creeping shrub. Cranberries or the pure juice of cranberries has been shown reduce the rate of urinary tract infections by inhibiting the bacteria from adhering to the walls of the urinary tract.

Cranberry extract is an extract of the cranberries (moisture and ash have been removed) that is dried and then ground in to a powder. Cranberries have been shown to reduce the rate of urinary tract infections by inhibiting the bacteria from adhering to the walls of the urinary tract.

Cranberry fibre is the fibre extracted from the cranberry. As an ingredient, however, cranberry meal, powder or berries are better than just the fibre, as there are more nutrients.

Cranberry meal is the edible fruit of the cranberry plant that has been dried and ground. Cranberries have been shown reduce the rate of urinary tract infections by inhibiting the bacteria from adhering to the walls of the urinary tract.

Cranberry powder is the dehydrated form of the cranberry plant. Cranberries have been shown to reduce the rate of urinary tract infections by inhibiting the bacteria from adhering to the wall of the urinary tract.

Cheddar cheese is specific type of cheese, which is a solid food prepared from the pressed curd of milk. Cheese is high in saturated fat and may present some digestion difficulties for pets, so caution should be used. Cheese is high in calcium, phosphorous, protein, fat soluble vitamins and B vitamins.

Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid (a constituent) of the spice turmeric. It has anti-inflammatory properties and can be used as a natural food colouring.

D-Activated animal sterol, also known as cholecalciferol (or vitamin D3), is obtained by activation of a sterol fraction of animal origin with ultra-violet light or other means. For label identification it may be followed with the paranthetical phrase (source of vitamin D3). (www.agr.wa.gov)

Dandelion is the hardy “weed” which is recognizable by its bright yellow flower and eventually round white, puffball full of seeds. Despite its tag as a weed, dandelion root, leaf and flower can be eaten cooked or raw, and help support the liver, digestion and are very nutrient rich.

De-boned chicken is the flesh resulting from removal of bones from accompanying flesh by mechanical de-boning of a chicken. (AAFCO, 2003). Though de-boned chicken from a chicken that is free from antibiotics and hormones is a good source of protein and essential fats, whole chicken is the best choice.

De-boned turkey is the flesh resulting from removal of bones from accompanying flesh by mechanical de-boning of a turkey. (AAFCO, 2003). Though de-boned turkey from a turkey that is free from antibiotics and hormones is a good source of protein and essential fats, whole turkey is the best choice.

Defluorinated phosphate includes either calcined, fused, precipitated, or reacted calcium phosphate. (AAFCO, 2003) Defluorinated phosphate is a source of calcium. See Calcium.

De-hulled oats have had the outer covering of the grain removed from the oat. Because it is a fractionated grain, with most of the fibre removed, de-hulled oats is not recommended.

De-hulled soybean meal is the product obtained by grinding the flakes which remain after the removal of most of the oil and the outer covering of the soybean seed by a solvent or mechanical extraction process. (AAFCO, 2003) Soy protein is much harder to digest than meat, and is considered a cheap, poor quality protein filler. Soy is highly allergenic, causing problems for many animals and contains some enzyme inhibitors which impede protein digestion. Most soy is also genetically modified (see GM), which makes its long term effects impossible to predict.

Derivatives of vegetable origin is a vague term used to describe by-products of vegetable origin. This can include anything that has been derived from a vegetable, from charcoal to compost! Seeing this ingredient in a pet food should set alarm bells ringing as it can be used to hide all manner of unspecified ingredients.

DHA or decosahexanoic acid is found in fish oils and is a type of omega 3. See Essential Fatty Acid.

A naturally occurring substance comprised of the fossilized remains of diatoms, which are hard shelled algae. This is often used as a filtering material or an anti-caking agent and is very drying.

Dicalcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid. Dicalcium phosphate provides both calcium and phosphorus, which are vital for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. See Calcium.

Digest is an animal feed-grade ingredient that must be made soluble with the use of prolonged heat and moisture, or chemicals and enzymes (e.g. Poultry feet= "Poultry Digest"). (Dr. Corinne Chapman, Rocky Ridge Vet Care) A material which results from chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and un-decomposed animal tissue. The animal tissue shall be exclusive of hair, horns, teeth, hooves and feathers except in trace amounts that might occur unavoidably in good factory practice. (AAFCO, 2003) Wikipedia describes animal digest as "a cooked-down broth" which can be made from unspecified parts of unspecified animals. The animals used can be obtained from almost any source and no control is in place over quality or contamination. Any kind of animal can be included: "4-D animals" (dead, diseased, disabled, or dying prior to slaughter), etc. In other words, digest does not give any indication of what exactly it is, and is a very processed, poor source of nutrition.

Only about half as effective as natural vitamin E and not as readily available to the body.

Methionine is an essential amino acid for cats and dogs. It is a principle supplier of sulphur which prevents disorders of the hair (promotes hair growth), skin and nails. It helps lower cholesterol levels by increasing the liver's production of lecithin, reduces liver fat, protects the kidneys and acts as a urinary acidifier.

Dried whey is the product obtained by removing water from whey. Whey is the watery part of milk. It contains not less than 11% protein nor less than 61% lactose. (AAFCO, 2003) Whey is a good source of protein and it helps support the immune system, however for pets with lactose intolerances, products containing whey should be avoided.

Dry blood meal is a rendered product and inexpensive source of animal protein. Why not feed your pets REAL meat, vegetables, and bones? (Corinne Chapman, Rocky Ridge Vet Care) Dry blood meal is considered ok, as long as it isn’t the main source of protein in the food.

Duck is the clean combination of flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts or whole carcasses of duck or a combination thereof - exclusive of feathers, heads, feet and entrails. (AAFCO, 2003) Duck is a good, digestible source of protein with high levels of the Amino acids Leucine, Lysine, Alanine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, and Glycine. Duck is also high in Omega-6 fatty acid yet higher than chicken in saturated fat.

Duck broth adds moisture to a food, while increasing protein and nutrients. Broth is made by cooking duck, including the bones.

Duck by-product meal is much less expensive and less digestible than duck meal, and is made from non-rendered, clean parts, other than MEAT, derived from slaughtered animals, produced in the course of making a primary food ingredient. It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, necks, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low temperature fatty tissue, stomachs, undeveloped eggs, intestines freed of their contents. It does not include hair, horns, teeth, and hoofs, except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. By-product = NO measurable amount of meat/skeletal muscle. Where's the meat? And where's the assurance that they are practicing "good processing"? (Dr. Corrine Chapman)

Duck meal is the dry rendered (cooked down) product from a combination of clean flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts of whole carcasses of duck - exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, or entrails. (AAFCO, 2003) Not all duck in pet foods is the same. It is important that the manufacturer of the pet food use human-grade duck and preferably free of hormones and antibiotics. Additionally, make sure the manufacturer does not use chemical preservatives on the duck such as BHA, BHT and ethoxyquin. Duck meal is a very good source of protein in dry pet food.

Dulse is a red seaweed that grows attached to rocks in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific, and is added to food for the same reason as kelp. See Kelp.

This term covers over 4000 chemical additives that can be added to pet food without individually naming them. The list includes colours such as tartrazine and sunset yellow which have been proven to cause hyperactivity in children, and preservatives such as BHA and Ethoxyquin which have been shown to have the potential to cause cancer in animals. Avoid like the plague!

Egg refers to part or whole of the egg which is a round or oval body laid by the female poultry. (AAFCO, 2003) Eggs are a good source of protein and amino acids, with the best eggs for pet food being human-grade whole eggs where the poultry is hormone and antibiotic free.

Egg product is product obtained from egg graders, egg breakers and/or hatchery operations that is dehydrated, handled as liquid, or frozen. These shall be labelled as per USDA regulations governing eggs and egg products. This product shall be free of shells or other non-egg materials except in such amounts which might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. (AAFCO, 2003). Egg product is an unpredictable egg ingredient, as it may contain whole eggs, white, yolk or various blends thereof. Because of inconsistency of egg product, whole eggs are a better choice.

Eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA is a type of omega 3 fatty acid found in fish oil.

Essential fatty acids are also known as omega 3 (linolenic acid or alpha linolenic) and omega 6 (linoleic acid– LA or GLA) fatty acids. Essential means that they need to come from the diet because the body does not produce them. Fish oils contain EPA and DHA, specific kinds of omega 3 fatty acids. Essential fatty acids support skin and coat (keep the coat shiny and healthy), immune system health, nervous system development and maintenance, reduce inflammation and help maintain visual acuity. For full details, see Essential Fatty Acids.

Ester C is also known as calcium ascorbate, a buffered form of vitamin C. Ascorbic acid, regular vitamin C, is usually used in pet foods because it helps to maintain an acidic urinary tract. See Vitamin C.

Originally developed by Monsanto as a stabilizer for rubber, Ethoxyquin has also been used as a pesticide for fruit and a colour preservative for spices, and later for animal feed. The original FDA permit for use as stabilizer in animal feed limited use to two years and did not include pet food, but it falls under the same legal category. It has never been proven to be safe for the lifespan of a companion animal. It has been linked to thyroid, kidney, reproductive and immune related illnesses as well as cancer, but so far no conclusive, reliable research results either for the safety of this product or against it have not been obtained. Monsanto conducted research years ago, but results were so inconclusive due to unprofessional conduct and documentation that the FDA demanded another study. There are currently several studies underway to determine whether Ethoxyquin is safe or not, and until those studies are completed, pet food suppliers may continue to use Ethoxyquin. This is how things stand after about 6 years, and no new details have emerged so far.

This is added to pet food as a source of iodine, to prevent iodine deficiency. Better sources of iodine would include kelp or calcium iodide.

Extruded soybeans are the product resulting from extrusion by friction heat and/or steam, whole soybeans without removing any of the component parts. (AAFCO, 2003) The soybean comes from the soy plant, a legume. Soy protein is much harder to digest than meat, and is considered a cheap, poor quality protein filler. Soy is highly allergenic, causing problems for many animals and contains some enzyme inhibitors which impede protein digestion. Most soy is also genetically modified (see GM), which makes its long term effects impossible to predict.

Although dogs need a certain amount of fat in their diet, it is important that you look for a named fat. If the ingredients just list “fat” then it is best avoided – you have absolutely no way of knowing what kind of fat is in the food and it’s source. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Dogs need a certain amount of fats and oils in their diet, mostly for skin and coat health, but also for proper brain development and other critical processes in the body - and in this regard some are more valuable than others. As food ingredients they should be specifically named and of high nutritional value. If the ingredients just state “fats and oils” then it should be avoided – you do not know what kind of fats or oils they are – a very vague description for anything that can include old restaurant grease or mineral oil!

Feeding oat meal is obtained in the manufacture of rolled oat groats or rolled oats and consists of broken oat groats, oat groat chips, and floury portions of the oat groats, with only such quantity of finely ground oat hulls as is unavoidable in the usual process of commercial milling. (Groats are grain from which the hulls have been removed) (AAFCO, 2003) Feeding oatmeal is a fractionated grain, which does not contain the nutritional value of whole oats, and is therefore not recommended for our pets to consume.

Fennel is an herb in which the seeds, leaves and roots are used. Fennel is good for reducing stomach cramps and gas, improving digestion and being nutritious.

Fenugreek is used as an herb and a spice. It is used as a digestive aid, for blood sugar balancing and to reduce high cholesterol levels. It is a good source of magnesium, copper, iron and manganese.

Fibre is the undigested portion of food that moves through the digestive system which promotes regularity, a healthy digestive system and cardiovascular support. Fibre is found in fruit, vegetables and whole grains.

Fish refers to any of various cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates, having gills, commonly fins, and typically an elongated body covered with scales. (dictionary.com) When the ingredient is listed as fish, it is a non-specific fish source. Better ingredients would be listed as, e.g., herring, whitefish, salmon etc.

Fish broth is obtained by cooking fish and/or other marine animal products, including bones, shells, parts, and/or muscle, but not including fish solubles. (AAFCO, 2003) Fish broth adds moisture to a food, while increasing protein, nutrients, omega fatty acids (See Essential Fatty Acids) and the palatability of the food. Fish broth is a non-specific fish source, making the source unknown. Better choices of fish broth would be listed as, e.g., herring broth or whitefish broth.

Fish meal is the clean, rendered (cooked down), dried ground tissue of un-decomposed whole fish or fish cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil. (AAFCO, 2003) Fish is a good source of protein and essential fats. However, fish meal is made from unspecified types of fish from unknown source, so be cautious, and look for try and find labels that list what kind of fish is actually in the food, such as salmon meal or herring meal.

Fish oil is the oil from rendering (cooking down) whole fish or cannery waste. (AAFCO, 2003) Cannery waste can contain fish that are damaged, defective, or contain material produced during, or left over from, the manufacturing process. Many pet food manufacturers use this generic type of oil, which is has low amounts of nutrients and health benefits. Good quality fish oil will have been properly processed in a low heat processing as to not harm the omega 3 fatty acids, which are excellent for skin and coat, as well as be free from harmful contaminants such as heavy metals and PCB’s. The best oils also specify the source of the oil, such as salmon oil or herring oil.

The official definition: “A substance, such as an extract or spice, that add flavour to a product.”

The manufacturer may or may not give more detailed information about what is used for flavouring and whether it is made from a natural or chemical substance.

Flax is a general term for the linseed plant. The seeds of the flax plant have many uses and they contain a high amount of fibre and essential fatty acids. Typically, flax is listed on labels as flax meal, flaxseed, flaxseed oil or flaxseed meal.

Flax meal or flaxseed meal is the ground product obtained from the seed of the flax plant and is an excellent source of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, as well as fibre. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Flax seed is the seed of the flax plant, which should be ground before consumption so that it is better absorbed. See Flax Meal and Essential Fatty Acids.

Flaxseed oil is the oil extracted from the seeds of the flax plant. This oil is high in omega 3 fatty acids and can help maintain skin and coat. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Folic acid is a member of the vitamin B complex family that is water-soluble and essential for animal metabolism. Folic acid supports the blood, glandular system, liver, reproductive system and is needed for proper cellular growth. Folic acid is synthesized by the bacteria of the large intestine in dogs and cats and is naturally occurring in organ meats and eggs. Also known as foliate. See Vitamin B9.

A product that has undergone the freeze drying process, a process for drying heat-sensitive substances, such as foods, probiotics, and blood plasma, by freezing the substance and then reducing the surrounding pressure and adding enough heat to allow the frozen water in the material to sublime directly from the solid phase to gas.

Fructooligosaccharides or FOS, refer to short chain sugar molecules . FOS is often derived from inulin, and is added to formulas as a prebiotic (improves the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines). See Inulin.

A monosaccharide found naturally in fresh fruit and honey. It is obtained by the inversion of sucrose by means of the enzyme invertase. Used in small quantities it serves as a nutrient for probiotics, specifically bifidobacteria, which ferment it and produce beneficial enzymes.

Full fat soybeans refer to the whole soybean for food/feed, without the oil removed. (The oil is usually removed). It is lower in protein and higher in fats. Soy protein is much harder to digest than meat, and is considered a cheap, poor quality protein filler. Soy is highly allergenic, causing problems for many animals and contains some enzyme inhibitors which impede protein digestion. Most soy is also genetically modified (see GM), which makes its long term effects impossible to predict.

Garlic refers the whole clove of the garlic plant. Garlic is valued for its anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-microbial properties as well as its flavour. Garlic should be used with caution, especially with dogs, as some reports have shown that it may have a negative effect on red blood cells. More and more companies are removing it from their foods, though in small quantities it should not present problems.

Garlic oil is the oil extracted from the clove of the garlic plant. Garlic is valued for its anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-microbial properties as well as its flavour. Garlic should be used with caution, especially with dogs, as some reports have shown that it may have a negative effect on red blood cells. More and more companies are removing it from their foods, though in small quantities it should not present problems.

Garlic powder is dried, ground clove from the garlic plant. Garlic is valued for its anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-microbial properties as well as its flavour. Garlic should be used with caution, especially with dogs, as some reports have shown that it may have a negative effect on red blood cells. More and more companies are removing it from their foods, though in small quantities it should not present problems.

Gelatine (or gelatin) is a translucent, colourless, brittle, nearly tasteless solid substance, extracted from the collagen inside from animal connective tissue. (www.wikipedia.com) Gelatine often comes from rendering plants, which means it can come from non-specific meat sources as well as it has been heated to high temperatures.

Ginger is an herb and a spice from the root of the ginger plant. Ginger can add pleasant flavouring as well as it reduces intestinal gas and upset stomach.

This is a rejuvenating herb that helps with memory and mental functions of older animals by increasing blood flow to the brain. It is also believed to help improve hearing and equilibrium.

Since it is used as a "source of liver flavour" in poor quality foods, it is safe to assume that it is a meal obtained from the livers and other glands of various, unspecified animals. As with all generic, unspecified ingredients, it is wise to avoid.

Glucosamine is a naturally occurring substance and is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans, major components of joint cartilage. Supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat osteoarthritis. The best type of glucosamine for animals is glucosamine hydrochloride, as they are able to utilise it more efficiently.

Glucosamine hydrochloride or Glucosamine HCl is a form of glucosamine, best for animals. See Glucosamine.

Glucosamine provides the building blocks to synthesise new joint cartilage and together with chondroitin and MSM promotes joint mobility and longevity, and has been shown to aid conditions such as hip dysplasia and arthritis. Glucosamine is a safe and natural ingredient, and any excess that is not required by the body is simply excreted in the urine.

Gluten is the sticky substance in wheat or starches that gives the starch its tough elastic quality, helping to hold together the pulverized composite of animal feed-grade ingredients (and create KIBBLE!) (Dr. Corrine Chapman, Rocky Ridge Vet Care). Gluten contains no nutritional value and often comes from high-allergen sources such as corn.

Glycerine (or glycerin) is also known as glycerol. Glycerine is a sweetener and a food preservative that is made from a by-product of biodiesel production (vegetable oils). Though glycerine is used as a sugar substitute, it does not affect blood sugar like sucrose does, however, sweeteners do not add any nutritional value to food, and they are often addictive.

A lipophilic non-ionic surfactant with HLB of 3.6 - 4.2. It has effects of emulsification, dispersion, foaming, defoaming, starch anti-aging and fat agglomeration control, and is widely used in foodstuffs, cosmetic, medicine and plastic processing industries. It is an emulsifier used the most widely and in the largest quantities in the foodstuff industry.

A thickening, emulsifying, anti-sticking and anti-stalant agent. Can contain up to 200 ppm butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as a preservative (see also BHT). Depending on method of manufacture, it can also contain glyceryl distearate (42-44%), glyceryl tristearate (20-23%), free glycerol (3-5%). Other impurities include mono-, di-, and triesters of related fatty acids as well as unreacted fatty acids. Due to the uncertainty of chemical additives, this ingredient should be avoided.

GM, or genetically modified, or GMO (genetically modified organism) means that the organism has had their genetic material altered or changed. DNA molecules from different sources are combined in vitro into one molecule to create a new gene. This DNA is then transferred into an organism and causes the expression of modified or novel traits. (www.wikepedia .com) Long term effects of consuming GMO’s are unknown, and therefore it is best to err on the side of caution and avoid them.

The official definition: “The dried material resulting from drying the water soluble materials after separation of suspended solids from grain fermentation.”

An inexpensive by-product of human food and beverage production which adds little or no nutritional value to pet foods.

Sorghum is a member of the grass family; its leaves and stalk resemble corn but it does not have ears. Although sorghum is a good source of carbohydrates, it is low in digestibility.

Grape pomace is the dried mixture of grape skins, pulp and crushed seeds that remain after the processing of grapes for juice or oil. Other ingredients are a better choice because grape pomace is a by-product of juice manufacturing, and is low in nutrients. Additionally, grapes are should not be fed to pets, so why should the grape leftovers?

Grape seed extract is derived from red wine grapes. It is a source of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), which are a category of bioflavenoids. These are water-soluble plant pigments that may support health by strengthening the blood capillaries and other connective tissue. Grape seed extract is an extremely powerful antioxidant, and is possibly the only antioxidant with the capacity to cross into the brain, thus improving mental alertness. (Whilst grapes in a large volume may be toxic to dogs, grape seed extract is included in pet foods at a safe level and will not have any harmful side effects.)

Has calcium, high in vitamin C & A, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin K, carbohydrates, and increases the effectiveness of nutrient absorption and potency of other fruits and vegetables when combined. It acts as a preservative and lowers cholesterol. Combined with orange to form an effective cancer fighting tool.

Grapefruit seed extract is an extract from the seeds of the grapefruit. It is an excellent remedy for skin diseases, external injuries, fungal infections, and can be used internally for the diseases caused by parasites, bacteria, and viral or fungal infections. It can help pets combat giardia or beaver fever. People who are worried about bacteria in raw food may add a few drops into the food as well. It can be mixed into food, water, shampoo, ear washes, cat litter, bedding and has numerous other applications.

Grapeseed oil is a polyunsaturated oil from the seeds of grapes. It is rich in antioxidants, and contains high amounts of omega 6 fatty acids, though very little omega 3 fatty acid, which is harder to get in the diet.

Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) is a United States of America Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts, and so is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerance requirements. (www.wikipedia.com)

Gravy usually consists of flour, milk, salt and fat, ingredients unnecessary for pet health.

Green beans are the vegetable from the bean plant. They are a good source of B vitamins, fibre, and various minerals.

Green Lipped Mussel refers to an extract from a New Zealand muscle known to have a special fatty acid that can help combat inflammation, especially of the joints. Additionally it contains naturally occurring glucosamine, which is also beneficial for the joints.

Green peas are a legume that is a good vegetable source of protein and is high in vitamin A and vitamin C.

Green tea extract is derived from the plant Camellia sinesis. Unlike black tea, green tea is not fermented, allowing the active constituents to remain unaltered in the herb. It is a powerful antioxidant that supports the cardiovascular system, and traditional Chinese medicine has recommended green tea to aid digestion, enhance immunity and improve energy levels.

Green tea polyphenols are specific constituents extracted from green tea. They are antioxidant and boost detoxification.

Tripe is the stomach of ruminating animals (cattle, buffalo, sheep, deer, goats, and antelope). The reference to green is that the tripe has not been cleaned, bleached or scalded, which is the way it should be. Green tripe is given to dogs to aid in digestion, is nutritious and contains minerals and essential fatty acids.

Ground barley is the entire barley kernel, ground or chopped. Ground barley refers to the whole barley kernel, providing additional protein, quality carbohydrates, barley oil, bran, and vitamins and minerals to the diet.

Ground brown rice is the entire product obtained from grinding the rice kernels after the hulls have been removed. (AAFOC, 2003) Brown rice is a non-allergenic whole grain that has had the hull removed. Brown rice is a good source of carbohydrates and contains more vitamins, minerals, fibre, fatty acids and more bran than white rice.

Ground chicken bone is the ground bones of a chicken. Ground chicken bones provide an excellent source of minerals, especially calcium and are well digested.

Ground chicken necks are the ground necks of chicken. They provide an excellent source of protein.

Ground corn is the entire corn kernel, ground or chopped. Corn (also called maize) refers to the “whole” corn kernel without the husks, and is considered highly allergenic for many pets, is a cheap ingredient and it’s not recommended. Most corn is a genetically modified food, also making it undesirable. (See GM) Because corn lacks or is low in critical essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, arginine and taurine, it is not a good source of protein. (Natura.com)

Ground lamb bone is the ground bones of a lamb. Ground lamb bones provide an excellent source of minerals, especially calcium and are well digested.

Ground millet is an agriculturally grown cereal grain. Millet contains no gluten, and consists of about 11% protein, carbohydrates, B vitamins, especially B1 and B6, as well as various minerals.

See Oat groats. Ground oat groats are equivalent to oatmeal, except that oatmeal has been steamed and ground.

Oats are the product of cleaned oats with the hulls removed, then ground. Oatmeal is ground oats. Ground oats is not fractionated, so its original nutrition is retained, as it is minimally processed. It is a good source of carbohydrates, B vitamins and is high in fibre.

Pearl millet is a specific type of millet, and in this case, ground. See Millet.

Ground pearled barley is barley that has been de-hulled by machine brushing, has the bran removed and is ground. Barley adds additional protein, complex carbohydrates, as well as vitamins and minerals to the diet.

Ground wheat is the entire wheat kernel reduced in particle size by impact, shearing or attrition. (AAFCO, 2003) Since this is made from whole kernel (non-fractionated), it still has its nutrients intact including protein, carbohydrates and B vitamins. Wheat however, is not very digestible and is used in lower quality foods.

Wheat flour or ground wheat flour consists principally of the wheat flower together with fine particles of wheat bran, wheat germ, and the offal from the tail of the mill. (AAFCO, 2003) Flour is an undesirable ingredient, as its low nutrient content is due processing.

Ground white rice is milled rice that has had the bran, husk and germ removed and is then ground or chopped. Brown rice is a preferred choice because the bran is intact, improving the overall nutrition of it. Ground white rice is also acceptable, as it is not fractionated and is relatively hypo-allergenic.

Sorghum is the ground grain of the sorghum plant, a member of the grass family which resembles corn. It is an inexpensive, indigestible plant not recommended for pets.

Ground yellow corn is the entire corn kernel, ground or chopped. Corn is considered highly allergenic for many pets, is a cheap ingredient and is not recommended. Most corn is genetically modified (See GM), also making it undesirable. Because corn lacks or is low in critical essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, arginine and taurine, it is not a good source of protein. (Natura.com)

Guar gum is derived from the bean of the guar plant, which is most often grown in India and Pakistan. It is a gelatinous substance used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in food. Guar gum is highly digestible, has a low caloric content, and has been shown to improve cholesterol levels in humans.

Hemp oil is derived from the hemp seed. (Hemp and marijuana should not be confused. Hemp contains no THC, the part of marijuana that causes a high.) Hemp seed oil is an excellent source of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Herring fish is the clean tissue of un-decomposed whole herring or herring cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oils. (AAFCO, 2003) Herring is an excellent source of protein and omega 3 essential fatty acids. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Herring meal is the clean, rendered (cooked down), dried ground tissue of un-decomposed whole herring or herring cuttings, with or without the extraction of part of the oil. (AAFCO, 2003). Herring meal is good source of protein and omega 3 essential fatty acids. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Herring oil is the oil extracted from whole herring. Good quality fish oil will have been properly processed in a low heat process so as to not harm the omega 3 fatty acids, which are excellent for skin and coat, as well as be free from harmful contaminants such as heavy metals and PCB’s.

Histidine is an essential amino acid, a building block for protein. Histidine is important for many different metabolic processes. Releases histamines from the body stores, is associated with pain control, is associated with arthritis, and widens small blood vessels; thus aiding early digestion by stimulating stomach acid secretion.

Honey is a sweet yellowish or brownish viscid fluid produced by bees from the nectar of flowers, and used as food. Honey is usually in pet treats as a sweetener. As with anything sweet, natural or not, it should be consumed with moderation.

Inositol is a vitamin in the B complex family. Inositol is important for the signal controls of nervous system cells as well as aiding in fat metabolism and hair growth. Fruits, nuts, beans and grains all contain high amounts of inositol. Is primarily used in the treatment of liver problems, depression, panic disorder and diabetes. Also aids in the breakdown of fats, helps in the reduction of blood cholesterol

Inulin is extracted from chicory root and is a prebiotic fibre source, which means it helps the body produce its own beneficial gut bacteria. Inulin supports the digestive system, the immune system and helps reduce gas and faecal odour.

Iodine is an important trace mineral. It impacts cellular respiration, energy and nutrient metabolism, functioning of nerves and muscles, growth and repair of tissues, and the condition of skin, hair, teeth, and nails.

Iodised salt is table salt that has had iodine added to it, mostly to prevent iodine deficiencies. See Iodine.

Iron is a necessary mineral that combines with copper and protein to form haemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Iron also is necessary for certain enzymes in the body to function normally.

Isoleucine is an essential amino acid, needed for building proteins. It is needed for the formation of haemoglobin, blood-clotting, the regulation of blood sugar levels as well as energy levels.

Kale is a green vegetable in the cabbage family. Kale is a good source of beta-carotene, vitamin K, vitamin C, and lutein.

Kelp is a general term used to describe dried brown seaweed and is added to foods to increase the amount of naturally occurring trace minerals and vitamins such as vitamin C and beta-carotene. Kelp is also high in the mineral iodine, which the thyroid gland needs for proper functioning and hormone production. The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating metabolism and body temperature.

Kibbled corn consists of the dry product obtained by cooking cracked corn under steam pressure and extruding from an expeller or other mechanical pressure device. (AAFCO, 2003) Corn is considered highly allergenic for many pets, and is a cheap ingredient that is not recommended. Most corn is a genetically modified food, also making it undesirable. (See GM) Because corn lacks or is low in critical essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, arginine and taurine, it is not a good source of protein. (Natura.com)

The kidney is a pair of bean-shaped organs that form and excrete urine, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and act as endocrine glands. If the organ is listed on the label without origin of animal (e.g.: kidney instead of beef kidney), be cautious as there is no way to know which kind of animal it came from. It could be from a horse, goat, duck, pig or other animals of questionable origin. It is recommend that kidney, as with any organs, be used in the proper quantities (up to 5-10% of the diet) and come from a source where the animal has not been given any antibiotics/hormones.

Lactose free milk is milk where the lactose has been removed. This is beneficial because pets do not digest lactose well.

Lamb consists of lamb tissue, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, hide trimmings, manure, stomach and rumen contents. Lamb is a good, digestible source of protein.

Lamb meal is rich in calcium, and is produced from meat trimmings and the clean parts of the carcass cooked, dried and ground into fine flour. It does not include the wool, blood, head, hooves and specified risk material such as the spinal cord.

Not all lamb in pet foods is the same. It is important that the manufacturer of the pet food use human-grade lamb, preferably free of hormones and antibiotics.

Lamb bone meal is the dried and ground sterilized product from the wet cooking of un-decomposed lamb bones. Fat, gelatine and meat fibre may or may not be removed (AAFCO, 2003). Bone meal should not be a replacement for pure meat (as a main ingredient in a food), but can be an adequate secondary ingredient.

Lamb by-products are the non-rendered, clean parts, other than meat, derived from slaughtered lamb. It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low temperature fatty tissue, and stomachs and intestines freed of their contents. It does not include hair, horns, teeth and hoofs. Use of this ingredient from mammalian origins is restricted to non-ruminant (cud chewing) feeds. (AAFCO, 2003)
Meat by-products are not meat and can include almost any part of the animal other than meat, they are cheap ingredients and are not advisable to feed our pets. Lamb by-products are much less expensive and less digestible than the lamb muscle meat. The ingredients of each batch can vary drastically in ingredients (heads, feet, bones etc.) as well as quality, thus the nutritional value is also not consistent. When a pet food labels list of ingredients shows the word by-product you can be assured that there is NO measurable amount of meat in the ingredient. If the ingredient contained enough meat that it could be measured the pet food company would proudly list the MEAT, not just the by-product of that meat's production.

Lamb fat is obtained from the tissues of lambs in the commercial process of rendering or extracting. (AAFCO, 2003). Lamb fat contains linoleic acid, an important element for skin and coat health.

Lamb liver is the hepatic gland of a sheep and is usually used to enhance the flavour of pet foods, but also is very nutrient rich food. We recommend that liver, as with any organs, be used in the proper quantities (up to 5-10% of the diet) and come from a source where the sheep has not been given any anti-biotics/hormones.

Not all lamb in pet foods is the same. It is important that the manufacturer of the pet food use human-grade lamb, preferably free of hormones and antibiotics.

Lamb stock is obtained by cooking mammalian bones, parts and/or muscles. (AAFCO, 2003). Lamb broth adds moisture to a food, while increasing protein, nutrients and the palatability of the food.

Lard is the rendered fat of swine. (AAFCO, 2003) Natura.com states that “Industrially-produced lard is rendered from a mixture of high- and low-quality fat sources from throughout the pig. It is typically hydrogenated (which produces trans fats as a by-product) and often treated with bleaching and deodorizing agents, emulsifiers and antioxidants, such as BHT. Such treatment makes lard shelf stable.” It is for these reasons that lard should not be in pet food.

L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate is a stable form of vitamin C used in animal feed. See Vitamin C.

Carnitine, or L-carnitine, is an amino acid made from two other amino acids, lysine and methionine and is found in larger amounts in red meat and dairy products. L-carnitine helps fat metabolism, supports the cardiovascular system and may benefit fatty liver.

Lecithin is often added into food as a stabilizer, but has some health benefits including cholesterol control and is an integral part of cell membranes.

Lentils are a legume, grown for their lens shaped seeds. Lentils are high in protein and contain dietary fibre, vitamin B1, and minerals.

Lettuce is a vegetable grown for its nutritious green leaves. Lettuce contains a high amount of water, vitamins and minerals.

Leucine is an essential amino acid, needed as a building block for proteins. Leucine is needed for haemoglobin production as well as energy and muscle metabolism.

L-glutamine or glutamine is an amino acid that is good for immune system support, repair of the gastrointestinal lining and speeds up wound healing. Dietary sources of L-glutamine include beef, chicken, fish, eggs, milk, dairy products, cabbage, beets, beans, spinach, and parsley (www.wikipedia.com).

Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential fatty acid, known as Omega-6, found in oils and fats. They help promote healthy skin and coat. Linoleic Acid is considered essential because the body cannot make its own, so it must come from dietary sources. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Linolenic acid is also referred to as Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA), or omega 3 fatty acid. Essential fatty acids support skin and coat (keep the coat shiny and healthy), improve the immune system, provide nervous system development and maintenance, reduce inflammation and help maintain visual acuity. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Linseed is also known as flax. This plant is a good source of dietary fibre, Omega-3 fatty acids and lignans (which have antioxidant properties). Linseed oil contains linoleic acid and alpha linoleic acid. Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes.

The product obtained by grinding the cake or chips which remain after removal of most of the oil from flaxseed by a mechanical extraction process. It must contain no more than 10 percent fibre. The words "mechanical extracted" are not required when listing as an ingredient in the manufactured food. Cheap fibre source. Not healthy or digestible.

Liver is the hepatic gland of an animal and is usually used to enhance the flavour of pet foods, but is also nutrient rich. Because of its non-specific nature, ingredients listed just as liver, without the source is not recommended. See Chicken Liver and Beef Liver.

See Digest. Anything that has “digest” listed with it, especially when it is non-specific, should be avoided.

The official definition: “The dried product of ground hepatic glands of mammals.”

Whenever the word 'meat' or the name of an organ appears by themselves (without a species) on a pet food label, there is no way to know which kind of animal it came from. It could come from some very questionable origins and is best avoided.

L-lysine is an essential amino acid (a protein building block) that cannot be produced by the body from other nutrients. It must be supplied by diet or supplements. L-lysine is needed for growth and to help maintain nitrogen balance in the body. L-lysine supplementation helps ensure adequate absorption of calcium and the formation of collagen for bone, cartilage and connective tissues. Lysine strengthens circulation and helps the immune system manufacture antibodies. It also helps control the body's acid/alkaline balance, influences the pineal and mammary glands and plays a role in gallbladder function. It is necessary for all amino acid assimilation and assists in the storage of fats.

Locust bean gum, also called carob gum, is an extract from the seed of the carob tree. Locust bean gum is a natural ingredient used in foods as a stabilizer and gelling agent.

L-Threonine is an essential amino acid needed for building protein. Threonine supports the immune system and is important for the production of collagen and wound healing.

L-tryptophan or tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is needed for the manufacture of vitamin B3 and serotonin (which helps to regulate mood).

L-Tyrosine is an amino acid needed for synthesizing phenylalanine, another amino acid. Tyrosine is important to the structure of almost all proteins in the body and is the precursor of several neurotransmitters, including L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

Lutein is a carotenoid found in various vegetables and plants. It is used as a natural yellow colorant and can provide support to the eyes, including the reduction of macular degradation.

Lycopene is a red carotenoid found in vegetables and fruits with red colouring. Tomatoes and watermelon are a couple of examples. Lycopene has been found in studies to reduce the risk of certain types of cancers.

Lysine is an essential amino acid found in foods high in meat such as protein, and is a building block for enzymes, hormones and proteins. Promotes bone growth in puppies, stimulates secretion of gastric juices, and is found in abundance within muscle tissue, connective tissue, and collagen.

Mackerel is a type of ocean dwelling fish high in oil. Mackerel is a good source of protein and essential fatty acids. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Magnesium is a mineral necessary for proper bone growth, protein synthesis, energy production, enzymes and helps with transmission of electrical impulses of nerves and muscles. Not be confused with manganese.

A brewery by-product much like "grain fermentation solubles", with some maltodextrin from malted barley. Better suited for use in short term feeding like e.g. livestock than as an ingredient in pet food.

Manganese is an essential trace mineral. It functions as antioxidant and is needed for the proper use of protein and carbohydrates by the body. It is also necessary for reproduction and the action of many enzymes in the body responsible for the production of energy and fatty acids.

Mannanoligosaccharides are short chain sugar (not table sugar) molecules that help feed friendly, beneficial gut bacteria. See Probiotics.

The natural solution for pet food manufacturers wishing to include lutein esters. Exhibits anti-microbial & anti-inflammatory properties, stimulating production of white cells & strengthening the immune system. See Lutein

Marigold meal is ground marigold flowers often used as a natural orange colourant in food.

A ground or pulverized composite of rendered animal feed-grade ingredients. (Dr. Corrine Chapman, Rocky Ridge Vet Care) ‘Meal’ should be accompanied with the source, listed such as chicken meal, and should not be a non-specific source such as meat meal. While they can be an excellent source of nutrition and protein, not all meals are created equal.

When describing meal as an ingredient in dog food, the FDA's website states: "In addition to the processing, it could also contain parts of animals one would not think of as 'meat.'"

Meat is the clean flesh of slaughtered animals (chicken, cattle, lamb, turkey, etc.). The flesh can include striated skeletal muscle, tongue, diaphragm, heart, oesophagus, overlying fat and the skin, sinew, nerves and blood vessels normally found with that flesh.

Whenever the word 'meat' or the name of an organ appears by themselves (without a species) on a pet food label, there is no way to know which kind of animal it came from. A nightmare for anyone with a pet with allergies.

"Meat and animal derivatives" is a generic term that covers all animals and parts such as heads, feet, guts, lungs, hair, feathers and wool! This term can be used to hide undesirable ingredients and allows the manufacturer to change the meat source from batch to batch to whatever is the cheapest available at the time of manufacture. Meat and animal derivatives are used in many successful pet foods because most consumers don't know any better. Avoid!

Meat and bone meal is rendered product from mammal tissues, including bone, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach and rumen contents, except in amounts as may occur unavoidably in good manufacturing practices. (AFFCO, 2003) This ingredient does not specify a specific meat source, and should be avoided.

Meat broth, because it is non-specific meat, should be used with caution. Any meat source could be used. Meat broth can add moisture to a food, while increasing protein and nutrients.

Meat by-products are the non-rendered, clean parts, other than meat, derived from slaughtered mammals. It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low temperature fatty tissue, and stomachs and intestines freed of their contents. It does not include hair, horns, teeth and hoofs. Use of this ingredient from mammalian origins is restricted to non-ruminant (cud chewing) feeds. (AAFCO, 2003) Meat by-products are not meat. They can include almost any part of the animal other than meat. Because any mammal can be used, cheaper meats are often included. The ingredients of each batch can vary drastically in ingredients (heads, feet, bones, organs etc.) as well as quality, thus the nutritional value is also not consistent. When a pet food’s label list of ingredients shows the word “by-product” you can be assured that there is NO measurable amount of meat in the ingredient. If the ingredient contained enough meat that it could be measured the pet food company would proudly list the MEAT, not just the by-product of that meat's production.

Menadione, is also known as vitamin K3, is a synthetic version of vitamin K. K1 and K2 are superior sources of vitamin K, which is needed for proper blood clotting. Menadione has never been researched or specifically approved for long term use, such as in pet food, has been banned from use in food and supplements for human use in many European countries due to serious side effects, and FDA has banned synthetic vitamin K from over-the-counter supplements because of its high toxicity. (www.dogfoodproject.com) It has been linked to many serious health issues

Menhaden fish meal is the clean, dried, ground tissue of un-decomposed whole fish or fish cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil. (AAFCO, 2003). Menhaden fish oil is used as a source of protein and Omega 3 fatty acids.

Menhaden fish oil from rendering whole fish or cannery waste. (AAFCO, 2003). Wikipedia states that Menhaden are not used for human consumption. Menhaden fish oil is used as a source of protein and Omega 3 fatty acids.

Met-Cysteine is a the combination of both the amino acids methionine and cysteine.

Milk is the secretion from a mammary gland, and contains lactose. Most dogs and cats are unable to properly digest milk, as they lack the enzyme to do so, so unless it is lactose free or has added beneficial bacteria for helping digest it, milk is not recommended.

Millet is an agriculturally grown cereal grain. Millet contains no gluten, and consists of about 11% protein, carbohydrates, B vitamins, especially B1 and B6 as well as various minerals.

Mineral oil functions as a laxative and stool softener. I have not found any evidence of any other health benefits. Tells a lot about the product it is used in, doesn't it?

Mixed baby spouts are the newly sprouted seeds of various plants, usually alfalfa, red clover and various brassica seeds.

Mixed tocopherols refers to four out of eight types of vitamin E. Delta tocopherol, alpha tocopherols, gamma tocopherol and beta tocopherol. See Vitamin E.

Mixed vegetable fibre is a nutritious mixture of fibre derived from carrots, celery, beets, parsley, lettuce, watercress and spinach.

Moisture refers to the amount of water present. Food may contain added water for moisture, but many ingredients already have some moisture naturally occurring in them.

Molasses, which is used as a sweetener in pet treats, is high in minerals and B vitamins, but because it is a source of sugar, it should be consumed in moderation. Continuous intake can promote hypoglycaemia, obesity, nervousness, cataracts, tooth decay, arthritis and allergies. Pets also get addicted to foods that contain sugars, so it can be a tough piece of work to make them eat something healthier. However, it is acceptable to have the likes of honey or molasses in treats – just not in regular dog food.

Monocalcium phosphate is calcium salt of phosphoric acid, (AAFCO, 2003) and is usually used as a leavening agent.

Monosodium phosphate is sodium salt of phosphoric acid. (AAFCO, 2003) It is added to cat food as an unnecessary additive to improve palatability.

Montmorillonite clay is French green healing clay. It absorbs heavy metals and toxins, preventing them from being absorbed, and ultimately eliminated.

MSG (or Mono Sodium Glutamate) is a flavour enhancer used to disguise inferior food quality. It is known to cause potential brain and eye damage, and allergic reactions in humans. (Dr Corrine Chapman, Rocky Ridge Vet Care)

The methyl-sulphonyl-methane (MSM) is an all natural, ultra-pure MSM derived from pine bark. MSM is a naturally occurring form of organic sulphur. Its beneficial properties include the relief of pain and inflammation. It is also thought that MSM may improve mental alertness and relieve stress.

Natural chicken flavour is a minimally processed flavour from natural sources, not containing synthetic or artificial components. Because it is not synthetic or artificial, natural meat flavourings do not have any harmful side effects.

Natural duck flavour is a minimally processed flavour from natural sources, not containing synthetic or artificial components. Because it is not synthetic or artificial, natural meat flavourings do not have any harmful side effects.

Natural fish flavour is minimally processed flavour ingredients from natural sources and do not contain synthetic or artificial components. Because it is not synthetic or artificial, natural flavourings do not have any harmful side effects, are okay to feed your pet food which contains it.

Natural flavours are minimally processed flavour ingredients that do not contain synthetic or artificial components and are sourced naturally from animal, mineral or plants.

Natural venison flavour is a minimally processed flavour from natural sources, not containing synthetic or artificial components. Because it is not synthetic or artificial, natural meat flavourings do not have any harmful side effects.

Naturox is a registered trademark that is an all-natural free flowing antioxidant for use in the preservations of oils, fats, fat soluble vitamins, flavours, aromas, carotenoids and other oxygen-sensitive material.

These natural short-chain proteins (derived from yeast) are able to enhance metabolic function and have particular benefits to the digestive and immune systems. Nucleotides allow optimum levels of nutrients to be absorbed by the body, as well as facilitating a more rapid cell replication in response to an outside challenge.

Oat bran is the coarse outer covering of the oat kernel as separated from oats. Oat bran is removed from the whole grain, so it is considered fractionated and not as good of a choice as whole oats or oatmeal.

Oat fibre is a white, fine-grained dietary fibre obtained through the processing of oats. (www.natura.com) Oat fibre is a fractionated grain which results from processing oats and is missing most of its nutrients due to that processing. It is not a recommended source of fibre.

Flour is an undesirable ingredient because there is very little nutrition left due to processing.

Oatmeal is just steamed, ground oat groats. Oat groats are the whole grain before grinding or processing has occurred. See Oatmeal.

Most likely what is left over from de-hulling the whole oat kernels after harvesting, comparable to peanut hulls. It is not the same as oat bran (the hull that protects the grain itself), which is a quality source of dietary fibre and removed prior to rolling and/or flaking. Thumbs down for this filler ingredient.

Oatmeal is not fractionated, so its original nutrition is retained. It is minimally processed, and is a good source of carbohydrates, B vitamins and fibre. Is a heart smart food that is an excellent fibre source and is clinically proven to lower cholesterol.

Oats are a good source of energy and protein, as well as being rich in fat, minerals and vitamins E and B.

Fish is typically a good ingredient, just make sure that the pet food you choose uses human grade fish for their ocean fish, and ideally lists what type of fish it is (not non-specific).

Ocean fish is a good source of omega 3 essential fatty acids, however just make sure that the pet food you choose uses human grade fish for their ocean fish and ideally lists what type of fish it is (not non-specific). See Essential Fatty Acids.

Olive oil is monounsaturated oil pressed from the olive fruit, a traditional tree crop. Olives contain omega 6 and omega 9 and are good for heart health. The useful fat in olive oil helps carry important vitamins through your pet's body like A, D, E and K.

Onion powder is dried, ground onion. It is used as natural flavouring ingredient, though grade A powder is not often used in pet foods. Amounts should be used with caution as Onions contain a substance called thiosulphate which dogs and cats lack the enzyme to properly metabolise.

Contain the pure Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) good for immune support, reduces cholesterol, powerful anti-cancer tool. A natural preservative and a digestive cleanser, The peel contains oils that stimulate the immune system (used in cancer treatment.)

Refers to how something is grown. If the label says certified organic, that means that a specific certifying body has verified that the food has been grown or raised to meet certain standards. If the label just says organic, then that company is claiming they are growing or raising food to meet some or all of those standards, but there is no 3rd party verification. Organic/certified organic refers to no pesticides, herbicides or synthetic fertilizers being used in the growing process.

Organic selenium refers to selenomethionine or selenised yeast supplements. Selenium is a trace mineral that functions as an antioxidant, plays a role in amino acid metabolism and ensures certain energy producing cells have adequate oxygen. Good food sources of selenium are organ and muscle meats, fish and grains.

Papain is a protein-cleaving enzyme derived from papaya and certain other plants. Papain aids in protein digestion. It is most often used as a meat tenderiser.

The papaya is the nutritious fruit of the Carica papaya tree, and is cultivated in many tropical countries. Papaya is rich in an enzyme called papain, which is good for improving digestion.

Paprika Oleoresin is a natural food colorant used to obtain a deep red colour in any food that has a liquid/fat phase.

PABA, or para-aminobenzoic acid, like choline and inositol, has not yet been "officially" recognized as a vitamin.

The most common use of PABA is as a sunscreen. Natural sources include grains, yeast and foods of animal origin. Deficiencies of PABA have not been found and most nutritionists do not consider it an essential nutrient.

Parsley is a bright green, culinary herb that blooms in midsummer. It is used for its leaf in much the same way as coriander, although it has a milder flavour. Parsley is considered a breath-freshener due to its high concentration of chlorophyll. It is also beneficial for reducing intestinal gas, reducing arthritic inflammation due to poor diet and contains a high amount of nutrients. It is rich in Vitamin A, beta-carotene, Lutein+Zeaxanthin, Vitamin K, Foliate, and Iron.

Pea fibre is the fibre derived from cleaned and processed pea hulls and helps to prevent constipation and diarrhoea and helps regulate the bowels.

Peanut butter is made by grinding the peanut kernel (a legume) and adding salt, sweetener and a stabilizer to keep the oil from separating. Since peanuts tend to absorb toxins from the soil and peanut butter contains salt and sugar, moderation is best.

Peanut hulls consist of the outer hull of the peanut shell. (AAFCO, 2003). Peanut hulls have no nutritional value and are considered a filler ingredient.

Peanut meal is the ground product of shelled peanuts, composed principally of the kernels, with such portion of the hull, or fibre, and oil as may be left in the ordinary course of manufacture. (AAFCO, 2003) See Peanut Butter.

Peanuts are a legume which grow underground. The shell is removed before it consumed. Since peanuts tend to absorb toxins from the soil, moderation is best.

Pearled barley is barley that has been de-hulled by machine brushing and additionally has the bran removed. Barley adds additional protein, complex carbohydrates and vitamins and minerals to the diet.

Pears are the fruit of the Pyrus species of trees and are the least allergenic of all fruits. Pears contain many nutrients, including most notably, carbohydrates, vitamin C and potassium.

Peas are the nutritious seed of the pea plant, eaten as a vegetable. Peas are a good source of folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B1.

Peppermint is an aromatic herb which aids in reducing gas, vomiting, nausea and irritable bowel syndrome.

Persimmons are a small, round, orange – red fruit with a unique texture. Persimmons are a good source of fibre, vitamin A and manganese.

Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid, used as a building block for proteins and is found in meats

Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine in the body. Tyrosine is an amino acid that is used to manufacture adrenal and thyroid hormones, and is converted into the skin pigment, melanin. Since the body cannot make this amino acid in sufficient quantity to meet its needs, it must be supplied by the diet.

Phe-tyrosine is a compound of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine, an essential amino acid.

Phosphoric Acid is a preservative used for acidifying foods. It is generally considered safe but due to its acidic nature, it may contribute to bone loss when larger quantities are consumed.

Phosphorus is a mineral needed for the maintenance of bones, is important for chemical reactions within the body and the utilisation of fats, carbohydrates and protein. Phosphorus is abundant in meats, eggs and milk.

Pineapple contains a proteolytic enzyme bromelain, which digests food by breaking down protein. Pineapple is a good source of manganese, as well as containing significant amounts of vitamin C and vitamin B1.

Plasma protein is spray-dried blood minus the red blood cells and is present in all foods that contain meat. The nutrients found in blood are essential for the diet of carnivores as it contains many vitamins, minerals and amino acids.

Plums are the reddish-purple, pitted fruit of the prunus tree. Plums can act as a mild laxative and are a good source of vitamin C and vitamin A.

Pholyphosphate blend is type of phosphate used as a preservative. Due to lack of information about the term, it is listed as 'use with caution'.

Pork ingredients often contain by-products or flavour enhancers because palatability is an issue, so pork should be consumed with caution. If this is an ingredient in your pet’s food, ensure the manufacturer does not use any additives and that the pigs are not given hormones or antibiotics. Pork is less digestible than other meats, and is not a preferred source for meat.

Pork by-products are the non-rendered, clean parts, other than meat, derived from slaughtered pork. It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low temperature fatty tissue, and stomachs and intestines freed of their contents. It does not include hair, horns, teeth and hoofs. Use of this ingredient from mammalian origins is restricted to non-ruminant (cud chewing) feeds. (AAFCO, 2003) Meat by-products are not meat and can include almost any part of the animal other than meat, they are inexpensive ingredients and are not advisable to feed our pets. The ingredients of each batch can vary drastically in ingredients (heads, feet, bones, organs etc.) as well as quality, thus the nutritional value is also not consistent. When a pet food’s label list of ingredients shows the word “by-product” you can be assured that there is NO measurable amount of meat in the ingredient. If the ingredient contained enough meat that it could be measured the pet food company would proudly list the MEAT, not just the by-product of that meat's production.

Pork liver is the hepatic gland of a pig and is usually used to enhance the flavour of pet foods, but also is very nutrient rich food. We recommend that liver, as with any organs, be used in the proper quantities (up to 5-10% of the diet) and come from a source where the pig has not been given any antibiotics/hormones. Pork is less digestible than other meats, and is not a preferred source for meat.

Potassium is a mineral which helps maintain water balance in the body and the tissues, promotes regular heartbeat and also plays a role in transferring nutrients to the cells. Fish, meat, potatoes and whole grains are good sources of potassium.

A mild preservative, primary use is as a food preservative. Potassium sorbate is used to inhibit moulds and yeast growth in cheese, wine, yoghurt, dried fruits, and baked goods. This gentle preservative is considered to be safe and mild because of its long-term safety record and non-toxic profile. Potassium sorbate is non-irritating and non-sensitising. Allergic reactions are very rare and it is well tolerated when administered internally.

Potato is a healthy carbohydrate source. It is often used as an alternative to rice and therefore a good ingredient for dogs with rice intolerances. Potatoes provide B vitamins, carbohydrates, zinc, vitamin C, copper, iron, magnesium, niacin and potassium

Potato fibre is the fibre that has been removed from the potato. Because it has been removed from the potato itself and is no longer as a whole, it is not the best source of fibre available.

Potato flour is the soft, finely ground potato that has first been cooked, and then dried. Flour is an undesirable ingredient because there is very little nutrition left due to processing.

Potato meal is whole potatoes that have been ground and/or reduced in size. See Potato.

Potato product is a by-product of potato processing, making whole potatoes a better choice. A cheap by-product of human food processing that has been stripped of much of the nutritional benefits that whole, fresh potatoes offer.

Potato protein has been removed from the potato itself and is no longer considered a whole. Additionally, protein from meat sources is more bioavailable protein for pets.

Poultry is an unpredictable ingredient, which can contain any type of fowl. Because it is non-specific, label listings of just “poultry” should be avoided.

Poultry by-product meal is non-meat specific, much less expensive and less digestible than chicken meal, and is made from non-rendered, clean parts, other than MEAT, derived from slaughtered animals, produced in the course of making a primary food ingredient. It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, necks, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low temperature fatty tissue, stomachs, undeveloped eggs, intestines freed of their contents. It does not include hair, horns, teeth, and hoofs, except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. When a pet food labels list of ingredients shows the word by-product you can be assured that there is NO measurable amount of meat in the ingredient. If the ingredient contained enough meat that it could be measured the pet food company would proudly list the MEAT, not just the by-product of that meat's production.

Poultry by-product meal consists of the ground, rendered, clean parts of the carcasses of slaughtered poultry, such as necks, feet, undeveloped eggs, and intestines - exclusive of feathers except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. (AAFCO, 2003) It may contain parts from ducks, geese, turkeys or chickens, etc. Poultry by-product meal is considered low quality and low nutrient, and is much less expensive than just chicken meat. See Poultry by-product.

Poultry fat is obtained from the tissues of poultry in the commercial process of rendering or extracting. (AAFCO, 2003) See Animal Fat. In commercial foods, poultry fat is an undesirable ingredient as it is a by-product of meat processing and the origin is often unknown. If chicken fat from healthy, hormone and antibiotic free chickens are used, the fat will contain higher amounts of the more desirable linoleic acid and would be considered an acceptable ingredient.

Poultry giblets are the offal (organs) of a fowl, typically including the heart, gizzard, liver, and other visceral organs. The neck is often included in this as well. (www.wikipedia.ca) Giblets can be inconsistent ingredients with constantly changing proportions and questionable nutritional value, and additionally, when listed as a non-specific meat sources, such as poultry, the meat source is unknown and therefore not recommended.

Liver is the hepatic gland of an animal and is usually used to enhance the flavour of pet foods, and is also a nutrient rich food. Because of its non-specific nature, ingredients listed just as liver without the specific animal source, are not recommended. See Chicken Liver and Beef Liver.

Poultry meal is the dry rendered product from a combination of clean flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts of whole carcasses or a combination thereof - exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, and entrails. (AAFCO, 2003) Poultry is an unpredictable ingredient, which can contain any type of fowl. Because it is non-specific meat source, label listings of just poultry should be avoided.

Poultry meat is the meat of birds/fowl, combined with the organs of animals. Poultry is an unpredictable ingredient, which can contain any type of fowl, including buzzards, geese, and other birds. Because it is a non-specific meat source, label listings of just poultry should be avoided. See Poultry.

A collective term for any number of strains of beneficial bacteria. These beneficial bacteria are naturally occurring in the body, but due to stress, poor diet, antibiotics and prescription drugs, pets often lack these good bacteria. Raw food or food with added probiotics will improve gastrointestinal health and digestion, support the immune system, reduce diarrhoea and constipation, increase nutrient absorption, and reduce inflammation. Their presence may reduce the amount you have to include of a separate supplement, but it is not a good idea to choose a food based on added supplements. A different food combined with a proper dosage of a specific stand-alone supplement product is likely to bring better results.

Propyl gallate is a synthetic chemical preservative linked to liver damage and may cause cancer. Also known as Gallic Acid or Propyl Ester.

Used as humectant in semi-moist kibble to keep it from drying out. May be toxic if consumed in large amounts, and should definitely not be an ingredient in a food an animal will eat daily for weeks, months or even years of its life. In countries of the European Union, propylene glycol is not cleared as a general-purpose food grade product or direct food additive. It is best avoided as it known to cause problems such as hair loss, dull coat, diarrhoea etc. Also used as a less-toxic version of the sweet-tasting chemical found in anti-freeze and brake fluid solvents.

Proteins in the body have numerous functions. They are the major structural components of hair, feathers, skin, nails, tendons, ligaments and cartilage. The degree to which a dog or cat is able to use dietary protein as a source of amino acids and nitrogen is affected by both the digestibility and the quality of the protein included in the diet. Proteins that are highly digestible and contain all of the essential amino acids in their proper proportions relative to the animal's needs are considered high-quality proteins.

Psyllium is a fibrous seed that comes from a plant grown commercially in Europe and India. It helps improve bowel regularity and is added to food purely for fibre, as it does not contain high amounts of vitamins and minerals.

Psyllium husk is an in-soluble fibre that comes from the seeds of a plant grown commercially in Europe and India. It helps improve bowel regularity and is added to food purely for fibre, as it does not contain high amounts of vitamins and minerals.

Pumpkin is a rich source of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene, fibre, vitamins C and E, potassium, magnesium, and pantothenic acid.

Pumpkin meal is ground pumpkin, a member of the gourd family. Pumpkins are very high in fibre, potassium, beta-carotene and may help reduce diarrhoea.

Pumpkin seeds are the dried seeds from the pumpkin. The seeds are very high is oils, zinc, potassium, magnesium, iron and copper.

Quinoa is a small seed that (pronounced KEEN-wah) is cooked/eaten like a grain. It is not a true cereal grain, but the botanical fruit of an herb plant. Quinoa is a good source of protein and nutrients. It has a higher protein content than most grains, making it unique. It is gluten free, easy to digest and is a good source of phosphorus, magnesium and iron.

The use of rabbit provides a unique protein source for dogs which may have become intolerant to other forms of protein. Rabbit is a very lean meat which is considered to more closely resemble the natural diet of the dog. It has lower cholesterol and fat levels than chicken, lamb, turkey, beef, pork etc.

Also known as Allura Red, Food Red 17, FD&C Red 40 or E129, this completely unnecessary, potentially harmful additive is red food colouring. Food colouring is not needed in pet food. In humans, Red 40 has been clinically proven to increase hyperactivity in children and is can invoke allergic reaction including skin rash, nausea and migraine.

Red peppers, also known as red bell peppers are the fruit of the pepper plant. Red peppers are especially high in vitamin C, beta-carotene and vitamin B6. Peppers should be avoided in the case of arthritis, as they are in the nightshade family.

Red winter wheat is a specific type of wheat that is planted in the fall and harvested in the summer. See Wheat.

Rendering, as defined by Webster's Dictionary, is "to process as for industrial use: to render livestock carcasses and to extract oil from fat, blubber, etc, by melting."

Rice bran adds a rich, hearty natural flavour to the food and has a positive effect on proper digestive function due to the high fibre content.

Flour is an undesirable ingredient because there is very little nutrition left because it is very processed.

Rice gluten is the gluten removed from rice. Gluten is the sticky substance in grains that gives the starch its tough elastic quality, helping to hold together the pulverized composite of animal feed-grade ingredients (and create KIBBLE!) (Dr. Corrine Chapman, Rocky Ridge Vet Care). Gluten contains no nutritional value.

This is a rice by-product that has no nutrition and is considered a filler ingredient.

Rice protein concentrate is the insoluble proteinic fraction obtained from a rice wet milling process. Rice protein concentrate is a source of protein for pet foods and is fairly hypoallergenic, but rice protein concentrate is taken away from the whole rice, and additionally, meat is still the most bioavailable source of protein.

Rose hips are the fruit of the rose plant, known to be very high in vitamin C and a good source of vitamin D and vitamin E.

Rosemary is a perennial, culinary herb which has health benefits including antioxidant properties, digestive support, and nervous system support. It is also a good natural preservative for food and is used to prevent the oxidisation of the fat components of the diets.

Rye is a grass grown for agricultural purposes. Rye is related to wheat and the grain is used for various different commercial purposes. Rye grain is high in manganese, tryptophan, selenium and phosphorus.

Rye flour consists principally of the soft, finely ground and bolted meal obtained from milling rye kernel. It consists essentially of the starch and gluten of the endosperm (AAFCO, 2003). Flour is an undesirable ingredient because there is very little nutrition left because of processing.

Saccharomyces is a non-pathogenic yeast used to ferment other ingredients/foods.

Safflower oil is obtained by extracting oil from safflower seeds. Safflower oil is good source of linoleic acid, though sometimes animals do not find it palatable.

Sage is best known as a culinary herb, but has many other properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, helps kill worms and is a natural anti-microbial.

Salmon is a freshwater fish, that is an excellent source of both protein and omega fatty acids. Salmon naturally has EPA and DHA, omega 3 fatty acids which support skin and coat, immune system health and nervous system development and maintenance.

Salmon broth is obtained by cooking fish and/or other marine animal products, including bones, shells, parts, and/or muscle, but not including fish solubles. (AAFCO, 2003) Salmon broth adds moisture to a food, while increasing protein, nutrients, omega fatty acids (See Essential Fatty Acids) and the palatability of the food.

Salmon fish meal is the clean, rendered, dried ground tissue of un-decomposed salmon or salmon cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil. (AAFCO, 2003) Salmon meal is a good source of protein for dry pet food, though because it is rendered, its essential fatty acid content will be reduced.

Salmon meal is good source of protein and omega 3 essential fatty acids. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Salt is a natural mineral, which pets need for good health, though as with any ingredient, salt should be consumed in moderate quantities and not used to mask other flavours. Regular salt does not contain beneficial trace minerals that sea salt does. Salt is needed for regulating fluid balance and blood pressure. In poor quality foods it is often used in large amounts to add flavour and make the food more interesting. See Sea Salt.

Sardine meal is a good source of protein, though because it is rendered, its essential fatty acid content will be reduced.

Salt is an acceptable source of sodium chloride. (AAFCO, 2003) Salt is a natural mineral, which pets need for good health though as with any ingredient, salt should be consumed in moderate quantities, and not used to mask other flavours. Sea salt is an excellent source of sodium, because it also contains other trace minerals, and is less processed than regular table salt. Salt is needed for regulating fluid balance and blood pressure. See sodium.

Nutritionally, seaweeds compare to vegetables with all or more of the phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals. Seaweeds are added to foods to increase the amount of naturally occurring trace minerals and vitamins such as vitamin C and beta-carotene. Seaweeds are high in the mineral iodine, which the thyroid gland needs for proper functioning and hormone production. The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating metabolism and body temperature.

Selenium is a major antioxidant nutrient that protects cell membranes and prevents free radical generation,. Selenium also helps preserve tissue elasticity. Selenium works closely with the antioxidant vitamin E. Sources include cereal grains, meat, fish and some yeast.

The endosperm of durum wheat is called semolina, high protein used in fine pasta.

Sesame oil is the oil from pressed sesame seeds. Sesame oil is a good source of linoleic acid as well as vitamin E, magnesium, copper, calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin B6. See Essential Fatty Acids.

Sesame seeds are the seeds of the flowering sesamum plant. The seeds can be pressed into oil (see Sesame Oil) or eaten as the whole seed. The seeds are a good source of manganese, copper, calcium, B1 and vitamin E.

Skim milk is milk containing less than .5% milk fat. Most dogs and cats are unable to properly digest milk, as they lack the enzyme to do so, so unless it is lactose free or has added beneficial bacteria for helping digest it, milk is not recommended.

Sodium is an essential mineral that helps to regulate water balance, manage acid-alkali in the blood and is involved in muscle contraction. See Sea Salt.

Sodium ascorbate is a non-acidic form of vitamin C. Ascorbic acid, regular vitamin C, is usually used in pet foods because it helps to maintain an acidic urinary tract. See Vitamin C.

Sodium bentonite is basically a small amount of inert clay which is used as a binder to aid in the formulation of small pellets of food. Side advantage of this ingredient is that it is said to aid in the digestive process.

Sodium bisulphite is used as an antioxidant and to kill microbes in food. It also destroys vitamin B-1 and can cause severe allergic reactions.

Sodium carbonate is a food additive used as an acidity regulator, anti-caking agent, raising agent, stabilizer and helps kill mould. The crystalline form can be used to induce vomiting in dogs. (www.wikipedia.com).

Sodium caseinate or casein is the principal protein in milk. It is a nutritious protein containing all the essential amino acids and does not contain any lactose. Though not harmful, proteins should be derived from meat sources, not dairy sources.

Sodium chloride is also known as table salt, contains sodium and chlorine. Sodium chloride is used in some pet foods as a palate enhancer. Sodium is necessary for health, however sources such as sea salt are less processed and contain more minerals. See Sea Salt.

Sodium hexametaphosphate is the sodium salt of phosphoric acid. Minimum sodium and maximum fluorine must be specified. It must not contain more than one part fluorine to 100 parts phosphorus, 75 parts per million of arsenic and 30 parts per million of heavy metals reported as lead. (AAFCO, 2003) Sodium hexametaphosphate is used as a sequestrant (food stabilizer). Due to its unnecessary use, and potential allowable heavy metal/arsenic content, it should be avoided.

Sodium nitrate and nitrites are synthetic chemical preservatives and colour enhancers both known to be carcinogenic . (Dr Corinne Chapman, Rocky Ridge Vet Care) NOTE: Accidental ingestion of sodium nitrate by people can be fatal.

Sodium phosphate is an additive used an emulsifier or leavening agent and is used to help acidify the urine. It also is a good source of phosphorus. See Phosphorus.

Sodium propionate is a synthetic preservative that does not need to be added to food.

Sodium pyrophosphate, also called tetrasodium pyrophosphate or tetrasodium phosphate. It is used as a buffering agent, an emulsifier, and a thickening agent, is often used as an unnecessary food additive and is twice as toxic as regular table salt.

Sodium selenite is a form of the essential trace mineral selenium. It has many functions in the body, but most notably, it is an antioxidant (helping to prevent cancers), promotes healthy skin and coat, supports the immune system and keeps muscles healthy. Selenium is naturally found in liver, tuna, egg yolks, chicken and whole grains.

It is the sodium salt of triphosphoric acid, used as an unnecessary flavouring agent and as preservative.

Sorbic acid is a white crystalline carboxylic acid used as a preservative. It is not a necessary ingredient, and though it is GRAS (generally recognized as safe), there are few studies to support its safety. Though originally derived from rowan berries, it is now produced synthetically.

Sorbitol is a refined sweetener (sugar-substitute) that is about 60 percent as sweet as sucrose with one-third fewer calories. Some studies show that ingesting large amounts of sorbitol can lead to some abdominal pain, gas, and mild to severe diarrhoea. (www.wikipedia.com) It is usually derived from corn and due to its highly processed nature and unnecessary use, it is not recommended. Continuous intake can promote hypoglycaemia, obesity, nervousness, cataracts, tooth decay, arthritis and allergies. Pets also get addicted to foods that contain sugars, so it can be a tough piece of work to make them eat something healthier.

Sorghum is the grain of the sorghum plant, a member of the grass family which resembles corn. It is an inexpensive, indigestible plant not recommended for pets.

Soybeans are widely used in dog foods as a protein source. However, Soy is commonly known as a cause of food allergies in dogs

Flour is an undesirable ingredient because there is very little nutrition left due to processing. Additionally, soy is difficult to digest.

Soy protein concentrate is the clean de-hulled soybean seeds that have had most of the oil and water soluble non-protein constituents removed. (AAFCO, 2003) Soy protein is much harder to digest than meat, and is considered a cheap, poor quality protein filler. Soy is highly allergenic, causing problems for many animals and contains some enzyme inhibitors which impeded protein digestion. Most soy is also genetically modified (see GM), which makes its long term effects impossible to predict.

Soy protein isolate is the major proteinaceous fraction from de-hulled soybeans by removing the majority of non-protein components. Soy protein is much harder to digest than meat, and is considered a cheap, poor quality protein filler. Soy is highly allergenic, causing problems for any animals and contains some enzyme inhibitors which impede protein digestion. Most soy is also genetically modified (see GM), which makes its long term effects impossible to predict.

Soya protein is hard to digest and utilise and not a good quality ingredient for pet foods. It has also been associated with dietary intolerances and allergies.

Soya oil is the oil extracted from the soybean. See Soybean. Soy is highly allergenic, causing problems for many animals and contains some enzyme inhibitors which impede protein digestion. Most soy is also genetically modified (see GM), which makes its long term effects impossible to predict. Other fats such as chicken fat are better sources of fatty acids.

The soybean comes from the soy plant, a legume. Soy protein is much harder to digest than meat, and is considered a cheap, poor quality protein filler. Soy is highly allergenic, causing problems for many animals and contains some enzyme inhibitors which impede protein digestion. Most soy is also genetically modified (see GM), which makes its long term effects impossible to predict.

Soybean hulls consist primarily of the outer covering of the soybean. (AAFCO, 2003) This is considered a cheap, poor protein filler. Soy is highly allergenic, causing problems for many animals, and soybean hulls are fractionated, by-products, which have very little nutrition.

Soy protein is much harder to digest than meat, and is considered a cheap, poor quality protein filler. Most soy is also genetically modified (see GM), which makes its long term effects impossible to predict.

This is considered a cheap, poor quality, by-product filler. Soy is highly allergenic, causing problems for many animals and contains some enzyme inhibitors which impedes protein digestion. Most soy is also genetically modified (see GM), which makes its long term effects impossible to predict.

Soybean oil is obtained by extracting oil from soybeans. Soybeans for soy oil often come from GM soy (see GM) and do not contain adequate amounts of essential fatty acids, as other oils. See Essential Fatty Acids. Soy is also a common allergen. Other plant oils are better options than soy for a source of oil.

Spearmint is a member of the mint family, used as a medicinal herb or for flavouring. It can help with upset stomach and improving digestion.

Fresh spinach leaves are a rich source of Vitamin A, C and iron. This is an excellent addition to any pet food.

Spirulina (Cyanobacteria) is microscopic blue - green algae found mostly in open fresh water lakes and ponds. Spirulina is a good source of minerals and trace minerals as well as chlorophyll.

Spray drying is a common, one step method of drying a liquid feed through a hot gas. See Chicken Liver.

Spring water is water from a naturally filtered source. Water provides consistency in canned dog and cat foods. Foods with added water should be free of pesticides/herbicides, PCBs and heavy metals.

Squash is a generic term for a vine-growing vegetable associated with the pumpkins and gourds. There are various types of squash, but regardless they provide a high amount of fibre, manganese, magnesium and vitamin C.

Steamed bone meal is the dried and ground product sterilized by cooking un-decomposed bones with steam under pressure. Grease, gelatine and meat fibre may or may not be removed. (AAFCO, 2003)

Sugar or sweetener is an absolutely unnecessary ingredient in pet foods, added to make the product more attractive. Continuous intake can promote hypoglycaemia, obesity, nervousness, cataracts, tooth decay, arthritis and allergies. Pets also get addicted to foods that contain sugars, so it can be a tough piece of work to make them eat something healthier.

Sulphur is a mineral needed for keeping the hair glossy and smooth and is necessary for collagen synthesis. Good sulphur sources are eggs, legumes and meat.

Alfalfa is a perennial flowering plant in the pea/legume family. Sun-cured alfalfa has been dried by exposure in open air to the direct rays of the sun. (AAFCO, 2003) Alfalfa is an excellent source of phytonutrients, trace minerals and vitamin K.

Sun-cured alfalfa meal is the aerial portion of the alfalfa plant, reasonably free of other crop plants, weeds and mould, which has been sun-cured and finely ground. (AAFCO, 2003) Alfalfa is an excellent source of phytonutrients, trace minerals and vitamin K.

Sun-cured seaweed is seaweed that is dried by exposure in open air to the direct rays of the sun. See Seaweed Extract.

Sunflower oil is obtained by extracting oil from sunflower seeds. Sunflower oil has a high concentration of omega 6 and omega 9 (See Essential Fatty Acids) which are important for skin and coat health. Oil that has been cold pressed, and minimally processed is best.

In addition to linoleic acid, sunflower seeds are also an excellent source of dietary fibre, protein, Vitamin E, and minerals such as magnesium and selenium.

Sweet potatoes are an excellent source of antioxidants such as Beta-Carotene, Vitamin A, Vitamin C and Vitamin E, as well as Potassium, Calcium, Iron and other vitamins and minerals. They are a good source of natural dietary fibre, and add a healthy, sweet taste to the food. Sweet potatoes are a source of complex carbohydrates that offers an alternative to traditional choices for pets.

Tapioca is the root of the cassava plant used as a starch source in grain free dry food. Tapioca is a bit controversial at this point in time, as it does not contain as many nutrients as grains and may cause diarrhoea in susceptible animals.

Taurine is an essential amino acid required by cats. Dogs can synthesize taurine in their systems, but cats cannot and must have taurine in their diet for proper health. Insufficient levels of taurine can lead to blindness and cardiac problems in cats. Taurine naturally occurs in high amounts in meats, but most dry cat food has added taurine, because it gets damaged during processing.

Thyme is an aromatic culinary and medicinal herb. Thyme is a good source of iron, expels intestinal gas and has anti-microbial properties.

Titanium dioxide colour is an artificial white colouring, which is still under scrutiny for its safety. Colorants are not necessary in pet food, so it is best to be on the safe side and avoid it.

Toasted oats have lost some of their nutrition due to cooking. Oatmeal would be considered a better food choice.

Tomatoes are the edible berry of the tomato plant of the nightshade family. Studies show tomatoes can help reduce certain types of cancers and heart disease. In the case of arthritis, it is best to avoid.

Tomatoes flakes are the edible, dehydrated berry of the tomato plant of the nightshade family. Studies show tomatoes can help reduce certain types of cancers and heart disease. Tomatoes are very high in natural vitamin C, Vitamin A, Beta-carotene and lycopene, an anti-oxidant.

This is an inexpensive ingredient which does not have as much nutrition as whole tomatoes.

Abundant in carotenoids, beta-carotene, and vitamins A & C. They are also an acidifier and a fibre source.

Tricalcium phosphate refers to the type of calcium – calcium salt of phosphoric acid. Calcium is an essential mineral needed for maintaining bone structure and plays a role in blood coagulation, muscle contraction, nerve transmission and cardiac function.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is needed for the manufacture of vitamin B3 and serotonin (which helps to regulate mood).

Tuna is an ocean-dwelling fish, that is an excellent source of both protein and omega fatty acids. Tuna naturally contains EPA and DHA, omega 3 fatty acids which support skin and coat, immune system health and nervous system development and maintenance.

Tuna meal is the clean, rendered, dried ground tissue of un-decomposed tuna or tuna cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil. (AAFCO, 2003) Tuna meal is a good source of protein for dry pet food, though because it is rendered, its essential fatty acid content will be reduced.

Turkey is the clean combination of flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts or whole carcasses of turkey or a combination thereof - exclusive of feathers, heads, feet, and entrails. (AAFCO, 2003) Turkey is an excellent source of highly digestible protein. Keep in mind, not all turkey in pet foods is the same. It is important that the manufacturer of the pet food use human-grade turkey and preferably free of hormones and antibiotics. Additionally, make sure the manufacturer does not use chemical preservatives on the turkey such as BHA, BHT and ethoxyquin (see BHA & BHT and ethoxyquin).

Turkey broth is made by cooking the turkey, including the bone, parts and/or muscle tissue. (AAFCO, 2003). Turkey broth adds moisture to a food, while increasing protein, nutrients and the palatability of the food.

Turkey by-product meal is much less expensive and less digestible than turkey meal, and is made from non-rendered, clean parts, other than MEAT, derived from slaughtered animals, produced in the course of making a primary food ingredient. It includes, but is not limited to, lungs, necks, spleen, kidneys, brain, livers, blood, bone, partially defatted low temperature fatty tissue, stomachs, undeveloped eggs, intestines freed of their contents. It does not include feathers, beaks or feet, except in such amounts as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. By-product = NO measurable amount of meat/skeletal muscle. Where's the meat? And where's the assurance that they are practicing "good processing"? (Dr. Corrine Chapman).

Turkey by-products are the rendered clean parts of carcasses of slaughtered poultry such as heads, feet, viscera, free from faecal content and foreign matter except in such trace amounts as might occur unavoidably in good factory practice.

Turkey liver is the hepatic gland of a turkey and is usually used to enhance the flavour of pet foods, and is nutrient rich. We recommend that liver, as with any organs, be used in the proper quantities (up to 5-10% of the diet) and come from a source where the turkey has not been given any antibiotics/hormones.

Turkey meal is an excellent source of digestible, palatable, protein in pet foods. Keep in mind, not all turkey in pet foods is the same. It is important that the manufacturer of the pet food use human-grade turkey and preferably free of hormones and antibiotics. Additionally, make sure the manufacturer does not use chemical preservatives on the turkey such as BHA, BHT and ethoxyquin (see BHA & BHT and ethoxyquin).

Valine is an essential amino acid found in meats. Valine is needed for tissue repair and muscle energy.

Vanilla is a natural flavouring derived from the pod of the vanilla plant. Vanilla flavouring can also be made artificially.

Vegetable gums are used a thickeners or to hold ingredients together. Vegetable gums are comprised of the starchy liquid that results when assorted vegetables are cooked. It is best if the gum has the source specified, e.g.: guar gum, that way you know exactly what you are getting. See Guar Gum and Carrageenan.

Because vegetable oil is a non-specific ingredient, it is recommended to get foods where the source of the oil is listed such as safflower oil or flax oil.

All products of vegetable origin in which the proteins have been concentrated by an adequate process to contain at least 50% crude protein, as related to the dry matter, and which may be restructured or textured.

Vegetarian digest is found in some Medi-Cal® foods, but the ingredients are not specified. Additionally, dogs and cats are not vegetarians, and require mostly meats.

Venison is a very lean, low fat source of protein. It is very digestible and highly palatable, with a very distinctive flavour.

Venison broth is obtained by cooking mammalian bones, parts and/or muscles of deer. (AAFCO, 2003) Venison broth adds moisture to a food, while increasing protein, nutrients and the palatability of the food.

Water is undefined by AAFCO, so water from any source can be used. The best source of water used in pet food would be purified spring water, though often city tap water is used, which does contain chlorine and other potential contaminants.

Watercress are fast-growing, aquatic plants eaten as vegetables. Watercress contains good amounts of iron, calcium, folic acid and vitamin A and C.

Wheat is the entire wheat kernel of the cultivated wheat plant. Products made from whole kernel (non-fractionated), still have their nutrients intact, including protein, carbohydrates and B vitamins. Wheat however, is not very digestible and is used in lower quality foods. It is one of the main ingredients known to cause dietary intolerances and allergies.

Wheat bran is the coarse outer coating of the wheat kernel as separated from cleaned and scoured wheat in the usual process of commercial milling. (AAFCO, 2003) Wheat bran is an inexpensive source of fibre that is often used as a filler ingredient, leaving less space in foods for higher nutrient ingredients.

Wheat flour consists principally of the wheat flower together with fine particles of wheat bran, wheat germ, and the offal from the tail of the mill. (AAFCO, 2003) Flour is an undesirable ingredient, as its low nutrient content is due processing.

Wheat germ is the embryo that has been separated from the wheat kernel. Although wheat germ is a good source of protein and vitamins, whole grains are a better choice. Also, wheat is not very digestible and is used in lower quality foods.

Wheat germ meal consists chiefly of wheat germ together with some bran and middlings or shorts. It must contain not less than 25% crude protein and 7% crude fat. (AAFCO, 2003) Despite having some protein in it, because it is mixed with middlings (See Wheat Middlings) it is not recommended.

An inexpensive by-product of human food processing with almost no nutritional value left, serves mostly as a binder. See Gluten.

An excellent source of dark green leafy vegetable nutrients. The grass is harvested when it reaches its highest nutrient level and contains important vitamins, minerals, and fibre as well as being a source of chlorophyll.

Wheat middlings consist of coarse and fine particles of wheat bran and fine particles of wheat shorts, wheat germ, wheat flour and offal from the "tail of the mill". Mill run is the state in which a material comes from the mill, ungraded and usually uninspected. (AAFCO, 2003) This ingredient is a fractionated, non-nutritious, by-product used as filler and is not recommended for pet food.

Whey protein concentrate is the product obtained by removal or separation of water, lactose and/or minerals from whey by ultrafiltration, dehydration or other process. (AAFCO, 2003) There is nothing wrong with whey protein per say, but meat is a better, un-processed source of protein for pets.

White rice is milled rice that has had the bran, husk and germ removed. Brown rice, however, is a preferred choice because the bran is intact, improving the overall nutrition. White rice is also acceptable, as it is not fractionated, so is considered okay for pet food, and is relatively hypo-allergenic.

Whitefish is any of several deepwater fishes – common whitefish, lake whitefish, round whitefish and mountain whitefish. The clean tissue of un-decomposed whole whitefish and/or whitefish cuttings is used. Whitefish is an excellent source of both protein and omega fatty acids. Whitefish naturally has EPA and DHA, omega 3 fatty acids which support skin and coat, immune system health and nervous system development and maintenance.

Whitefish meal is the clean, rendered, dried ground tissue of un-decomposed whitefish or whitefish cuttings, either or both, with or without the extraction of part of the oil. (AAFCO, 2003) Whitefish meal is a good source of protein for dry pet food, though because it is rendered, its essential fatty acid content will be reduced. See Whitefish.

Dictionary.com defines whole as containing all the elements properly belonging; complete. A whole food is unprocessed and is the most nutritious food available with the highest nutrient value and digestibility.

Whole eggs are the whole of the reproductive body produced by hens, with the shell removed. Eggs are an excellent source of protein with naturally occurring complex combinations of amino acids. The best eggs come from chickens not given hormones or antibiotics.

Whole oats consist of the entire, un-processed oat grain. Whole oats in non-fractionated and is a good source of carbohydrates, b vitamins and is high in fibre.

Whole pasteurised milk refers to milk that has been heated to destroy bacteria, moulds and yeasts. Milk is the secretion from a mammary gland, and contains lactose. Most dogs and cats are unable to properly digest milk (the lactose), as they lack they enzyme to do so. So unless it is lactose free or has added beneficial bacteria for helping digest it, milk is not recommended.

Yeast is a collective term for many different yeast ingredients. It is an unnecessary ingredient and a common allergen for pets.

An unnecessary, feed-grade ingredient in pet foods, added mainly as a flavouring to make inexpensive food more attractive. Lacks the nutritional value of higher quality yeast supplements. The media on which the yeast was grown is not identified. Also a potential allergen for some dogs.

Yeast Extract is the concentration of the solubles of mechanically ruptured cells of a selected strain of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It may be dried or concentrated. It must contain not less than 9% crude protein.

A feed-grade ingredient in pet foods, added as a vitamin B supplement. It is harmless, but lacks the nutrients of higher quality yeast supplements. The media on which the yeast was grown is not identified. Also a potential allergen for some dogs.

Also known as E102, Tartrazine, FD&C Yellow 5, E110 or C.I. 19140. This is a synthetic additive derived from coal tar, used as a colourant. Pets don’t need colour added into their food, not only is it potentially harmful, but also completely unnecessary. Human consumption of yellow 5 can lead to various allergic reactions including anxiety, migraines, clinical depression, blurred vision, itching, general weakness, feeling of suffocation, purple skin patches, and sleep disturbance. In children, asthma attacks and hives have been claimed, including possible links to thyroid, tumours, chromosomal damage, hives, and hyperactivity.

Also known as Sunset Yellow, Orange Yellow S, FD&C or C.I. 15985. This is a synthetic additive derived from coal tar, used as a colourant. Pets don’t need colour added into their food, not only is it potentially harmful, but also completely unnecessary. Yellow 6 can cause allergic reaction including gastric upset, vomiting, rash and swelling of the skin. In children, it has been shown to increase hyperactivity.

Industry-sponsored animal tests indicated that this dye, the third most widely used, causes tumours of the adrenal gland and kidney. In addition, small amounts of several carcinogens contaminate Yellow 6.

Yoghurt is the product resulting from the culturing of a mixture of milk and cream products with the lactic acid-producing bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Yoghurt can be beneficial following antibiotics as it can help replace the gut’s “friendly” bacteria. Yoghurt is a very good source of calcium, protein, potassium and magnesium. It can aid in bone growth and maintenance.

Yucca has antioxidant properties, and may also help to reduce faecal and body odour.

Yucca schidigera is a supplement from the yucca plant. Yucca has an anti-inflammatory action, and therefore beneficial for problems such as arthritis.

There is some evidence that consecutive use of yucca can interfere with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Also referred to as corn silk. This herb is the "silk" off of a cob of corn. Corn silk does not contain any corn, but is a component of the cob itself. Therapeutically it is a soothing diuretic used for kidney and bladder problems such as reducing kidney stone formation and incontinence, as well, it is anti-inflammatory.

Zeolites are natural volcanic minerals with an unique, complex crystalline structures. Zeolite acts as a natural detoxifier. In food industry zeolite largely reduces duration of food drainage during vacuum sublimation process.

Zinc is an essential trace mineral. Zinc supports the immune system, is involved in the Krebs cycle, is necessary for insulin, wound healing and the absorption of B complex vitamins. Good sources of zinc are alfalfa, eggs, milk, kelp, meat and meaty bones. See Zinc.

Zucchini is a summer squash of bushy growth with smooth, cylindrical, usually dark green fruits.

Nutrition primer

Minerals

Minerals are essential, inorganic compounds which are necessary for life. The body cannot synthesise any of them, so dietary supplementation in proper balance is vital

Minerals are divided into two groups - microminerals and macrominerals. Microminerals are also known as "trace elements" and are present in the body only in very small quantities. Macrominerals are slightly higher in concentration.

Since reactions occur between minerals and the body, over-supplementation of one can cause a deficiency in another, which may be harmful to your dog's health - especially during the growth stage.

Whilst adding vitamins in their natural form is beneficial for your dog's health, it is very important that supplementation of minerals whilst feeding commercial dog foods should NEVER be done without veterinary consultation. The health risks from excessive amounts are too severe.

Commercial dog foods have balanced mineral levels. If you want to make sure that you're giving your dog the best possible nutrition, look for "chelated" or "sequestered" minerals in dog foods. These are digestible forms of minerals which are more easily absorbed by the body (approximately 3 - 10 times better) than minerals commonly supplied in other forms. Look for minerals including terms such as "chelated", sequestered", "amino acid chelate", "amino acid complex", "proteinate", or "polysaccaride complex". Terms like "oxide", "sulphate" or "phosphate" generally indicate poorly absorbed feed-grade supplements.

Macrominerals

Microminerals

Essential Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids (EFA's) are fats that must be supplied in the diet because the body cannot produce them. They are required for normal growth and functioning of the cells, muscles, nerves and organs and for the production of prostaglandins (hormone-like substances which are key to many important processes). Deficiencies of EFA's are linked to a variety of health problems, including heart disease, cancer and diabetes.

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Linoleic acid (LA) which is found in corn, soy, canola, safflower and sunflower oil, whole grains, body fat of poultry (chicken, turkey, duck, etc)

Arachidonic acid (AA) which is found in the body fat of poultry, lean meat, egg yolks and some fish oils

Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) which is found in blackcurrant seed oil, borage oil and evening primrose oil.

Dihomogamma linolenic acid (DGLA) which is found in organ meats like spleen, kidney and adrenals and metabolised from GLA.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) which is found in flaxseed oil and, to a lesser extent, canola, soy and walnut oils.

More and more manufacturers now include Essential Fatty Acids in their products and, of course, proudly advertise that fact. Don't let yourself get fooled though - it's not enough that a brand is just advertised as "contains [high levels of] Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids". They need to be present in sufficient amounts and in the proper ratio. As with all other ingredients, the manufacturers of lesser quality products try to get away as cheap as possible to maintain a large profit margin. Incorporating EFA's into a dog food is rather expensive in terms of ingredients as well as preservation, since they oxidize (and thus spoil) rather quickly.

There is no point at all checking the ingredients of food to see if they contain Essential Fatty Acids if the amounts present in the food are too low to actually provide much or any benefit. All the better foods contain (depending on the ratio) at least 2.2% Omega-6's and 0.3% Omega-3's. There are very few exceptions where true quality foods do not fall within these numbers, but it shouldn't discourage you if your dog does well on them. You just might consider supplementing some EFA's to improve the diet. In addition to drastic improvements to skin and coat, high levels of Omega-3's improve cardiovascular health, fight inflammatory diseases, retard development of certain cancer cells, inhibit progression of kidney disease, enhance the immune system, reduce the symptoms of allergic dermatitis and reduce joint stiffness, which is especially beneficial to older dogs.

Depending on the presence of certain enzymes in the metabolism of the individual dog, fatty acids are considered either "active" or "inactive". If the dog produces the enzymes required to activate the inactive EFA's, it does not matter whether you supplement active or inactive forms. If a dog does not produce the required enzymes, or not enough of them, supplementation of active EFA's that do not require enzymes to be utilised is required.

Evening primrose oil, borage oil and blackcurrant oil are considered sources of activated Omega-6 EFA's, while more common sources, such as vegetable oils (canola, corn, soy), sunflower oil and safflower oil are inactive.

Cod liver oil and fish oils (salmon, herring, etc.) supply activated Omega-3 EFA's, flax seed and hemp are inactive.

If you supply inactive sources and notice apparent benefits, there is no need to supply activated sources. If you started EFA supplementation with inactive sources relatively recently and do not notice associated changes within a time frame of several weeks, you might want to consider giving the active sources instead.

Decide for yourself if your dog is getting the proper amounts of EFA's and don't be afraid to supplement, but if you do, make sure you chose the right product. Most commercial diets contain plenty of Omega-6's from corn and other whole grains, corn-, sunflower- and other vegetable oils or the fat of various poultry, so don't add even more of them. Instead, try to decrease the ratio by adding Omega-3's. Deep-water fish and flax seed - either as fresh product (fresh ground flax seed and fresh or tinned fish but be very careful about feeding raw fish - not all kinds are safe for dogs!) or oils are excellent choices. If your dog has kidney troubles or the breed is known to be prone to kidney disease, omit the flax and stick with the fish.

Omega 3 fatty acids oxidize rapidly and increase antioxidant requirements in the body. If you supplement, you should make sure the product you feed either has vitamin E added, or supply a vitamin E supplement separately.

Probiotics and Prebiotics

Probiotics are friendly bacteria that aid digestion and absorption of nutrients. They help to keep harmful bacteria from colonising and creating digestive problems and thus support the body in fighting illness and disease. If beneficial bacteria become depleted or the balance is disturbed, potentially harmful (pathogenic) bacteria can overgrow, causing health problems.

Common names for probiotics you will find in supplements are various strains of bacillus (lichenformis, subtilis), lactobacillus (acidophilus, lactis, plantarum, salivarius), bifidobacterium (bifidum, longum), streptococcus (faecium, lactis) and enterococcus (faecium). These are beneficial bacteria that colonise the gut and provide support for the body. They complete digestion of nutrients the body can not utilise fully without this assistance, produce vitamins and other metabolic compounds, provide protection against pathogenic bacteria by creating an unfavourable environment for these "bad" microbes, support the immune system, decrease mutagenic or carcinogenic activity and other benefits. Many of them have not been fully explored and documented yet, but it is known that laboratory animals with a healthy, supportive intestinal flora and fauna are healthier than their counterparts without.

Two specific bacteria, lactobacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus work differently. They are starter cultures used to ferment milk to make yoghurt. These bacteria do not reach the gastrointestinal tract alive, due to the conditions in the stomach and small intestine and thus do not colonise the gut, so their health benefits are different from the above-mentioned probiotics. They do improve lactose digestion and are said to enhance the immune system.

Prebiotics are complex sugars that serve as nutritional basis for probiotics. These complex sugars are not broken down by the normal digestive process and are also defined as "non-digestible fibre". Added to the diet they increase the chances of beneficial bacteria growing and thriving in the intestine. In dog food, the most common ones used are beet pulp (in moderate amounts, otherwise it's just a filler!) and chicory root extract.

Now you may ask why it would be so important to have probiotics and prebiotics in a dog food. After all none of the "leading brands" mention them anywhere, right? Think about what a dog eats, day in day out, for his whole life if he is fed commercial food. Even if it is good quality food, it is highly processed from its natural state, which destroys or depletes many of the important dietary components.

Manufacturers of premium foods make an effort to reintroduce these components after processing the kibble. Their foods do not just supply the "bare minimum" of nutrients for your dog to survive but are formulated to keep him healthy and fit and let him thrive. To actually benefit from probiotics, it is critical that you are supplementing the correct types and also in sufficient amounts. Probiotics are live microbes that are negatively affected by improper storage, such as exposure to excessive heat or moisture. If you doubt that your dog gets adequate amounts, add a probiotic supplement or yoghurt with appropriate live cultures to the diet.

If you happen to also be using Apple Cider Vinegar for it's antibiotic properties, it is advisable that you do not give probiotics at the same time - you risk killing off some of the "good" bacteria. You should leave at least an hour between the two supplements.

Vitamins

Vitamins are organic substances required by the body in minute amounts as essential enzymes, enzyme precursors, or coenzymes for many of the body's metabolic processes. Most vitamins can not be synthesized by the body and need to be supplied with the food in sufficient quantities.

Fat soluble

The fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) are absorbed in the same way as dietary fats. Excess amounts are stored primarily in the liver and most metabolites are excreted in the faeces through bile. Because they can be stored in the liver, dietary deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins develop much more slowly than those of water soluble ones.

Effects:

Vision, appetite, maintenance of the skin and coat. Natural beta-carotene (which the body converts to vitamin A based on its needs) has antioxidant activity. In supplements, the natural form is identified by descriptions like "from D. salina", "from an algal source", "from a palm source" or as "natural beta-carotene" on the label. The synthetic form is identified only as "beta-carotene".

Deficiency:

Signs include decreased vision, skin lesions and abnormal bone growth.

Toxicity:

Signs include abnormal bone re-modelling, lameness and death.

Stability:

Beta-carotene (originates exclusively from plant sources but is readily converted by the dog's metabolism) is one of the most stable and active vitamins in foods. The compound is sensitive to heat but significant losses only occur after long periods of boiling. Animal food sources contain active vitamin A.

Sources:

Liver, fish liver oil, carrots, green leafy vegetables, egg yolks and yellow fruits. The more intense the colour of a fruit or vegetable, the higher the beta-carotene content.

Water soluble

Water soluble vitamins are generally absorbed passively in the small intestine and excess amounts as well as metabolites are excreted in the urine. Except for cobalamin (vitamin B12), the body is unable to store water soluble vitamins, so it is important that the body can absorb them daily in appropriate amounts.

Glossary of dog food ingredients

Nutrition primer

Minerals

Macrominerals

Microminerals

Essential Fatty Acids

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Probiotics and Prebiotics

Vitamins

Fat soluble

Water soluble

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Nutritional primer article courtesy of The Dog Food Project